The Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria: Contemporary Perspectives

ISBN-13: 9781461392651 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 289 str.

J. M. Odom; Rivers Jr. Singleton; J. R. Postgate

Opis

Sulfate-reducing bacteria comprise a diverse and ecologically interactive group of anaerobic prokaryotes which share an extraordinary trait: growth by sulfate respiration with hydrogen sulfide as a major end-product. Sulfate-reducers are found in diverse environments ranging from estuaries to geological oil-bearing formations. They have attracted considerable scientific and commercial interest. These organisms have been actively investigated by researchers in microbial energetics, protein chemistry, ecology and more recently molecular biology. This interest has increased greatly over the past decade, and this volume presents the first book-length summary of our knowledge of sulfate-reducing bacteria in nearly 10 years. Featuring an introduction by the eminent microbiologist John Postgate and comprehensive reviews from recognized authorities, this book will be of interest to microbiologists with interests in physiology, evolution, and ecology.

Spis treści

1 The Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria: An Overview.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Metabolic Considerations.- General Patterns of Metabolism.- Metabolic Processes in Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria: Electron Donors.- Metabolic Processes in Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria: Electron Acceptors and Bioenergetics.- 1.3 Laboratory Manipulations of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria.- 1.4 Taxonomic Considerations.- 1.5 Importance of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria.- Economic Importance.- Environmental Importance.- Evolutionary Importance.- 1.6 Summary.- 2 Carbon Metabolism of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Energy Substrates of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria.- 2.3 Degradation of Various Organic Compounds in the Presence of Sulfate.- Complete or Incomplete Oxidation.- Utilization of Lactate.- Oxidation of Primary Alcohols, Secondary Alcohols, Diols, and Glycerol.- Utilization of Formate, Acetate, and Longer Straight and Branched Alkanoic Acids.- Utilization of Sugars.- Utilization of Aromatic Compounds.- Utilization of Dicarboxylic Acids.- Utilization of Amino Acids.- Miscellaneous Compounds.- 2.4 Fermentative Capacities of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria.- Fermentations at Low Hydrogen Partial Pressure.- Fermentations Not Dependent on a Low Hydrogen Partial Pressure.- 2.5 Storage Polymers.- 2.6 Some Aspects of Carbon Assimilation.- Carbon Nutrition.- C2 Assimilation Involving C2 + C1.- Autotrophic Growth.- 2.7 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 3 Bioenergetic Strategies of the Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria.- 3.1 Introduction.- Evolutionary Considerations of Bioenergetic Mechanisms.- Sulfate Reduction and Bioenergetic Mechanisms.- 3.2 General Bioenergetic Considerations.- 3.3 Unique Biochemical and Physiological Aspects of the Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria.- 3.4 Enzymes and Proteins Involved in Respiratory Sulfate Reduction.- APS Reductase.- Bisulfite Reductase.- Terminal Electron Acceptors.- Cytochrome b.- c-Type Cytochromes.- Hydrogenase.- 3.5 Hydrogen Utilization.- Historical Development.- Enzymology of Sulfate Respiration.- Energetics of Respiration of Sulfate and Related Compounds.- Energetics of Nitrate/Nitrite Respiration.- 3.6 Fermentation of Inorganic Sulfur Compounds.- 3.7 Hydrogen Production by Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria.- 3.8 Intracellular H2 Transfer or H2 Cycling.- 3.9 Conclusions.- 4 Genetics of the Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Considerations for Development of a Genetic System.- Metabolic Properties.- Plating Efficiencies.- Genome Structure.- Plasmids.- Antibiotic Sensitivities.- Restriction Systems.- 4.3 Desulfovibrio Bacteriophages.- 4.4 Conjugation of Desulfovibrio.- 4.5 Electroporation of Desulfovibrio.- 4.6 Summary.- 5 Molecular Biology of the Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Cloning, Sequencing, and Expression of Desulfovibrio Genes.- and Survey.- 5.3 Hydrogenase Genes.- [Fe] Hydrogenase Genes.- [NiFe] and [NiFeSe] Hydrogenase Genes.- Export and Localization of Hydrogenases.- Distribution of Hydrogenase Genes.- 5.4 Genes for c-Type Cytochromes.- Cloning, Sequencing, and Expression of Cytochrome c3 Gene.- Cloning, Sequencing, and Expression of the Cytochrome c553 Gene.- Cloning, Sequencing, and Expression of the Gene for High-Molecular-Weight Cytochrome.- Summary of c-Type Cytochromes.- 5.5 Construction of a Gene Library for Dv. vulgaris Hildenborough for Rapid Gene Cloning and Genome Mapping.- 5.6 Genes for Cytoplasmic Electron Carriers.- The rbo-rub Operon from Dv. vulgaris Hildenborough.- The dsr Gene from Dv. gigas.- The fla Gene from Dv. vulgaris Hildenborough.- 5.7 Nitrogen Fixation by Desulfovibrio.- 5.8 Summary and Future Perspectives.- 6 Phylogeny of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria and a Perspective for Analyzing Their Natural Communities.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 16S Ribosomal RNA Sequence Comparisons.- Why Ribosomal RNA?.- Phylogenetic Trees.- 6.3 Sulfate-Reducing Archaea.- 6.4 Phylogenetic Relationships among Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria.- Gram-Positive, Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria.- Gram-Negative, Mesophilic, Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria.- Desulfovibrio Species.- Remaining Genera.- 6.5 Application of 16S rRNA Sequences to Determinative and Ecological Studies.- Characterization of Microbial Populations by rRNA Sequence Comparisons.- rRNA-Targeted Hybridization Probes.- Use of Fluorescent DNA Probes for Single-Cell Identification.- Fluorescent Probe Length and Mismatch Discrimination.- 6.6 Summary.- 7 Ecological Actions of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Experimental Approaches to Microbial Ecology.- 7.3 Balanced Metabolic and Ecological Processes.- 7.4 Metabolic Diversity of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria.- 7.5 Methodology.- Measurement of SRA.- Isotope Discrimination Effects.- Sampling Techniques.- Use of Inhibitors.- 7.6 Substrates for SRA in situ.- Environments Used for SRA Study.- Organic Electron Donors.- H2 as Electron Donor.- Sulfite and Thiosulfate as Electron Donors.- 7.7 Interactions with Methane-Producing Bacteria.- Competition.- Coexistence.- Synergism.- 7.8 Aerobic SRA.- Aerobic/Anaerobic Interface.- Cyanobacterial Mats.- 7.9 Conclusion.- 8 Industrial and Environmental Activities of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Historical Perspective.- 8.3 The Oil and Gas Industry.- 8.4 Detection and Identification of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria.- Standard Industrial Practices.- Taxonomic Markers.- Genetic Approaches and Chemical Markers.- Immunological Approaches to Detection.- 8.5 Corrosion of Iron and Steel: Mechanisms.- General Considerations.- Mechanisms Involving Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria.- Cathodic Depolarization and Methanogenic Bacteria.- 8.6 Anaerobic Corrosion and Sulfate Reducers: Commercial Cures.- 8.7 Environmental Activities: The Sulfur Cycle.- 8.8 Sulfur Cycling and Sewage Treatment.- Concrete Corrosion.- 8.9 Anaerobic Transformations of Mercury.- 8.10 Transformation of Other Industrial Pollutants.- 8.11 Conclusions.- References.