Introduction 1. Low carbon development: its social implications and challenges 2. Theoretical framework 3. The social challenges of Chinese hydropower dams in the Mekong Region (Co-author Frauke Urban) 4. The high costs of wind energy in Germany: social challenges and possible solutions (Co-author Frauke Urban) 5. Social implications of Carbon Markets – The case of carbon offsets and Plantar in Brazil (Co-authors Tamra Gilbertson and Domiziana Marinelli) 6. Domestic energy efficiency policy and fuel poverty in England (Co-author Carolyn Snell) 7. Pro-poor technology transfer : the Case of Solar Power and Refugees in Africa (Co-author Frauke Urban) Conclusion