The Shock Absorber Handbook

ISBN-13: 9780470510209 / Angielski / Twarda / 2007 / 432 str.

John Dixon

Opis

Every one of the many millions of cars manufactured annually worldwide uses shock absorbers, otherwise known as dampers. These form a vital part of the suspension system of any vehicle, essential for optimizing road holding, performance and safety. This, the second edition of the Shock Absorber Handbook (first edition published in 1999), remains the only English language book devoted to the subject. Comprehensive coverage of design, testing, installation and use of the damper has led to the book's acceptance as the authoritative text on the automotive applications of shock absorbers. In this second edition, the author presents a thorough revision of his book to bring it completely up to date. There are numerous detail improvements, and extensive new material has been added particularly on the many varieties of valve design in the conventional hydraulic damper, and on modern developments such as electrorheological and magnetorheological dampers. "The Shock Absorber Handbook, 2nd Edition" provides a thorough treatment of the issues surrounding the design and selection of shock absorbers. It is an invaluable handbook for those working in industry, as well as a principal reference text for students of mechanical and automotive engineering.

Spis treści

Preface.

Acknowledgements.

1 Introduction.

1.1 History.

1.2 Types of Friction.

1.3 Damper Configurations.

1.4 Ride–Levelling Dampers.

1.5 Position–Dependent Dampers.

1.6 General Form of the Telescopic Damper.

1.7 Mountings.

1.8 Operating Speeds and Strokes.

1.9 Manufacture.

1.10 Literature Review.

2 Vibration Theory.

2.1 Introduction.

2.2 Free Vibration Undamped (1–dof).

2.3 Free Vibration Damped (1–dof).

2.4 Forced Vibration Undamped (1–dof).

2.5 Forced Vibration Damped (1–dof).

2.6 Coulomb Damping.

2.7 Quadratic Damping.

2.8 Series Stiffness.

2.9 Free Vibration Undamped (2–dof).

2.10 Free Vibration Damped (2–dof).

2.11 The Resonant Absorber.

2.12 Damper Models in Ride and Handling.

2.13 End Frequencies.

2.14 Heave and Pitch Undamped 1–dof.

2.15 Heave and Pitch Damped 1–dof.

2.16 Roll Vibration Undamped.

2.17 Roll Vibration Damped.

2.18 Heave–and–Pitch Undamped 2–dof.

2.19 Heave–and–Pitch Damped 2–dof Simplified.

2.20 Heave–and–Pitch Damped 2–dof Full Analysis.

3 Ride and Handling.

3.1 Introduction.

3.2 Modelling the Road.

3.3 Ride.

3.4 Time–Domain Ride Analysis.

3.5 Frequency–Domain Ride Analysis.

3.6 Passenger on Seat.

3.7 Wheel Hop.

3.8 Handling.

3.9 Axle Vibrations.

3.10 Steering Vibrations.

3.11 The Ride Handling Compromise.

3.12 Damper Optimisation.

3.13 Damper Asymmetry.

4 Installation.

4.1 Introduction.

4.2 Motion Ratio.

4.3 Displacement Method.

4.4 Velocity Diagrams.

4.5 Computer Evaluation.

4.6 Mechanical Displacement.

4.7 Effect of Motion Ratio.

4.8 Evaluation of Motion Ratio.

4.9 The Rocker.

4.10 The Rigid Arm.

4.11 Double Wishbones.

4.12 Struts.

4.13 Pushrods and Pullrods.

4.14 Motorcycle Front Suspensions.

4.15 Motorcycle Rear Suspensions.

4.16 Solid Axles.

4.17 Dry Scissor Dampers.

5 Fluid Mechanics.

5.1 Introduction.

5.2 Properties of Fluids.

5.3 Chemical Properties.

5.4 Density.

5.5 Thermal Expansion.

5.6 Compressibility.

5.7 Viscosity.

5.8 Thermal Capacity.

5.9 Thermal Conductivity.

5.10 Vapour Pressure.

5.11 Gas Density.

5.12 Gas Viscosity.

5.13 Gas Compressibility.

5.14 Gas Absorbability.

5.15 Emulsification.

5.16 Continuity.

5.17 Bernoulli s Equation.

5.18 Fluid Momentum.

5.19 Pipe Flow.

5.20 Velocity Profiles.

5.21 Other Losses.

5.22 The Orifice.

5.23 Combined Orifices.

5.24 Vortices.

5.25 Bingham Flow.

5.26 Liquid Solid Suspensions.

5.27 ER and MR Fluids.

6 Valve Design.

6.1 Introduction.

6.2 Valve Types.

6.3 Disc Valves.

6.4 Rod Valves.

6.5 Spool Valves.

6.6 Shim Valves.

6.7 Valve Characteristics.

6.8 Basic Valve Models.

6.9 Complete Valve Models.

6.10 Solution of Valve Flow.

6.11 Temperature Compensation.

6.12 Position–Sensitive Valves.

6.13 Acceleration–Sensitive Valves.

6.14 Pressure–Rate Valves.

6.15 Frequency–Sensitive Valves.

6.16 Stroke–Sensitive Valves.

6.17 Piezoelectric Valves.

6.18 Double–Acting Shim Valves.

6.19 Rotary Adjustables.

6.20 Bellows Valves.

6.21 Simple Tube Valves.

6.22 Head Valves.

6.23 Multi–Stage Valves.

7 Damper Characteristics.

7.1 Introduction.

7.2 Basic Damper Parameters.

7.3 Mechanical Friction.

7.4 Static Forces.

7.5 Piston Free Body Diagram.

7.6 Valve Flow Rates.

7.7 Pressures and Forces.

7.8 Linear Valve Analysis.

7.9 Cavitation.

7.10 Temperature.

7.11 Compressibility.

7.12 Cyclical Characteristics, F(X).

7.13 Extreme Cyclic Operation.

7.14 Stresses and Strains.

7.15 Damper Jacking.

7.16 Noise.

8 Adjustables.

8.1 Introduction.

8.2 The Adjustable Valve.

8.3 Parallel Hole.

8.4 Series Hole.

8.5 Maximum Area.

8.6 Opening Pressure.

8.7 Area Coefficient (Stiffness).

8.8 Automatic Systems.

8.9 Fast Adaptive Systems.

8.10 Motion Ratio.

9 ER and MR Dampers.

9.1 Introduction.

9.2 ER MR History.

9.3 ER Materials.

9.4 ER Dampers.

9.5 ER Controlled Valve.

9.6 MR Materials.

9.7 MR Dampers.

10 Specifying a Damper.

10.1 Introduction.

10.2 End Fittings.

10.3 Length Range.

10.4 F(V) Curve.

10.5 Configuration.

10.6 Diameter.

10.7 Oil Properties.

10.8 Life.

10.9 Cost.

11 Testing.

11.1 Introduction.

11.2 Transient Testing.

11.3 Electromechanical Testers.

11.4 Hydraulic Testers.

11.5 Instrumentation.

11.6 Data Processing.

11.7 Sinusoidal Test Theory.

11.8 Test Procedure.

11.9 Triangular Test.

11.10 Other Laboratory Tests.

11.11 On–Road Testing.

Appendix A: Nomenclature.

Appendix B: Properties of Air.

Appendix C: Properties of Water.

Appendix D: Test Sheets.

Appendix E: Solution of Algebraic Equations.

Appendix F: Units.

Appendix G: Bingham Flow.

References.

Index.

O autorze

Dr John C. Dixon, Eur. Ing., M.A., Ph.D., C.Eng, C.Phys, FIMechE, FRAeS, MinstP, MIET, is a Senior Lecturer at the Open University. He has extensive experience in vehicle dynamics, including shock absorber design and testing for leading racing teams. His previous books include Tires, Suspension and Handling and The High Performance Two Stroke Engine .

Blurb

Every one of the many millions of cars manufactured annually worldwide uses shock absorbers, otherwise known as dampers. These form a vital part of the suspension system of any vehicle, essential for optimizing road holding, performance and safety.

This, the second edition of the Shock Absorber Handbook (first edition published in 1999), remains the only English language book devoted to the subject. Comprehensive coverage of design, testing, installation and use of the damper has led to the book s acceptance as the authoritative text on the automotive applications of shock absorbers. In this second edition, the author presents a thorough revision of his book to bring it completely up to date. There are numerous detail improvements, and extensive new material has been added particularly on the many varieties of valve design in the conventional hydraulic damper, and on modern developments such as electrorheological and magnetorheological dampers. The text is generously illustrated throughout with numerous diagrams and photographs.

The Shock Absorber Handbook, 2^nd Edition provides a thorough treatment of the issues surrounding the design and selection of shock absorbers. It is an invaluable handbook for those working in industry, as well as a principal reference text for students of mechanical and automotive engineering.