The Routledge Handbook of Urban Ecology

ISBN-13: 9781138581357 / Angielski / Twarda / 2020 / 1108 str.

Ian Douglas;P M L Anderson;David Goode

Opis

This second edition covers recent developments around the world with contributors from 33 different countries. It widens the handbook’s scope by including ecological design; consideration of cultural dimensions of the use and conservation of urban nature; the roles of government and civil society; and the continuing issues of equity and fairness in access to urban greenspaces. New features include an emphasis on the biophilic design of homes and workplaces, demonstrating the value of nature, in order to counter the still prevalent attitude among many developers that nature is a constraint rather than a value. The volume explores great practical achievements that have occurred since the first edition, with many governments increasingly recognizing and legislating on urban nature and green infrastructure matters, since cities play a major role in adapting to change, particularly to climate crisis. New topics such as the ecological role of light at night and human microbiota in the urban ecosystem are introduced. Additional attention is given to food production in cities, particularly the multiple roles of urban agriculture and household gardens in different contexts from wealthy communities to the poorest informal settlements in deprived communities. The emphasis is on demonstrating what can be achieved, and what is already being done. The book aims to help scholars and graduate students by providing an invaluable and up-to-date guide to current urban ecological thinking across the range of disciplines, such as geography, ecology, environmental science/studies, planning, and urban studies, that converge in the study of towns and cities and urban design and living. It will also assist practitioners and civil society members in discovering the ways diff erent specialists and thinkers approach urban nature.

Spis treści

Part 1: Urban Ecology: the Field of Study, Its Growth and Present Concerns  Introduction  1. Urban Areas and Urban Ecology  2. Urban Ecology in the Ancient Tropics: Foodways and Urban Forms  3. 20th century growth of urban ecology  4. Urban Ecology: Its Boom in the First Fwo Fecades of the 21^st Century  Part 2: Humans as an Integral Component of Urban Ecosystems  Introduction  5. A Transdisciplinary Urban Ecology Approach to Complex Urban Systems  6. Science is Not Enough: Grassroots and Bottom-Up Action in Urban Ecology  7. Biophilic Cities: Elements of the Vision and Emerging Practice  8. Urban ecology: Art and the cultivation of ecological mindsets  9. Urban Greenspaces – understanding patterns of use and greenspace distribution in England to inform spatial planning  Part 3: Nature in the city: a biophysical environment  Introduction  10. Climate of Cities  11. Understanding urban heat islands  12. The impacts of artificial light at night on urban ecosystems  13. Urban hydrology  14. Urban Geomorphology  15. Urban estuaries and coasts  16. Vulnerability of urban nature to climate change: an overview of impacts and assessment approaches, with examples from urban forests  17. Urban Soils  Part 4: Cities as biophysical landscapes: diversity of habitats and species  Introduction  18. Biodiversity and cities  19. The invasion of walls, pavements and building surfaces by organisms  20. Urban cliffs  21. Habitat heterogeneity in suburbia; the importance of the urban mosaic  22. Urban food production sites: diversity of habitats and species with special reference to Africa  23. Urban green corridors: connectivity, multifunctionality and implications for wildlife movement  24. Landscaped parks and open spaces  25. A man-made watercourse absorbed into the natural landscape – England’s Manchester Ship Canal: a case study in adaptive re-use and brownfield restoration  26. Grassland on reclaimed soil, with streets, car parks and buildings but few or no mature trees  27. Urban rivers and their ecology  28. Wetlands in Urban Environments  29. Mammals in urban environments  30. Urban birds: Urban avoiders, urban adapters and urban exploiters  31. Urban Insects  32. Urban soil fauna  33. Recent examples of colonisation and adaptation by birds in UK towns and cities  34. Introduced and invasive animals: species interactions in towns and cities  35. Feral animals in the built environment  36. Alien plants in cities: human-driven patterns, risks and benefits  Part 5: The urban ecosystem: urban metabolism  Introduction  37. The analysis of cities as ecosystems  38. Urban Metabolism Analysis  39. Urban ecological footprints: the city region and the wider world  40. Human microbiota and human health in the changing urban ecosystem  41. Urban agroecology: principles and applications  42. The City as a Life Support System: Ecopoiesis Revisited  Part 6: Biophilia and the value of urban nature  Introduction  43. Assessing ecosystem services in urban areas  44. Ecosystem disservices from urban nature  45. Diversity in Perceived Values of Urban Nature  46. Recreational values of urban nature  47. Urban nature and its potential to contribute towards human well-being  48. Urban Nature and Human Physical Health  49. Cooling the urban environment: Effect of tree transpiration on outdoor air temperature  50. Mitigating air pollution and the urban heat island effect: the roles of urban trees  51. Public attitudes towards urban nature  52. Cultural and sacred worship of urban nature  53. The role of urban nature in fostering social capital and sense of place  54. Values, Justice and Urban Ecosystems  55. Creative conservation  56. Giving multicultural community groups a voice in creating, using and managing urban green space  57. Innovative stormwater management through natural and built green infrastructure  58. Urban waterways  59. Rewilding urban landscapes: attributes, types and application as a greening policy  60. Urban ecological design - towards an holistic interdisciplinary vision  61. Incorporating the multiple benefits of urban nature into ecological design  62. Designing neighborhood greenspaces with urban ecosystem services  Part 7: Protecting urban wildlife  Introduction  63. Ensuring equitable green space to deprived social groups  64. An inclusive approach towards the co-creation and management of urban greenspace as a response to the demand for sustainable cities  65. Capacity building through international collaborations for nature in cities and urban green infrastructure  66. Using cultural and everyday societal meanings of connection to flora and fauna to build commitment to nature  67. Using economic and health assessment to make a case for urban greenspace  68. Urban greening: the role of international organisations and civil society  Part 8: Governance, targets and valuation of urban greenspace, from global to local  Introduction  69. Intergovernmental bodies and the greening of cities: roles of UN bodies and international conventions  70. Local governments and urban ecology: planning and practice examples from Africa, Asia and Europe  71. Urban Green Infrastructure – Strategic Planning of Urban Green and Blue for Multiple Benefits  72. The role of targets and standards in delivering urban greenspace for people and wildlife  73. Valuation of Urban Ecological Capital  Part 9: Environmental Justice, fairness and equity in urban ecology  Introduction  74. Urban nature and justice: unequal access to resources and ecosocial resistance in the contemporary city  75. Urban agriculture planning for environmental justice and food security  76. Ways of creating usable, multipurpose greenspace in impoverished settlements in cities of the Global South  Conclusions: continuing debates  77. How to conserve natural resources in housing developments: design, construction, and post-construction  78. Native planting versus non-native planting: the state of the debate  79. Global eco-urban futures – green and sustainable, or brown and vulnerable?  80. Urban ecology for the future