The Role of Microstructure in Topical Drug Product Development » książka
The Role of Microstructure in Topical Drug Product Development
ISBN-13: 9783030173579 / Angielski / Miękka / 2020 / 199 str.
The Role of Microstructure in Topical Drug Product Development
ISBN-13: 9783030173579 / Angielski / Miękka / 2020 / 199 str.
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VISCOSITY / RHEOLOGY / SPREADABILITY
Executive Summary / Scope
Chapter focuses on the following aspects of rheological properties of topical semi-solid formulations:
- Analytical instrumentation and techniques to determine rheological properties.
- Factors affecting rheological properties:
o Formulation physical/chemical parameters (i.e., pH, concentration of excipients, excipient combinations, etc.)
o Primary container closureso Manufacturing/process equipment
- Review of current literature and recommendation on best practices for 1) characterizing the rheological aspects of topical semi-solid formulations during development phase and 2) rotational viscosity methods to ensure product consistency for commercial stage products.2. Background
2.1. Definitions
2.1.1. Rheology, viscosity, thixotropy, rheopexy, viscoelastic behavior2.2. Why is rheology important for topical semi-solid formulations?
2.2.1. Newtonian systems vs non-Newtonian systems
2.2.2. Raw materials
2.2.3. Formulations
2.2.4. Effect of Processing parameters
2.2.5. Quality Control
2.3. Rheological Test Methods
2.3.1. Continuous shear vs Oscillatory shear
2.4. Instrumentation2.4.1. Viscometry: Single point vs Multiple point instruments
2.4.2. Rheometry: Controlled stress vs Oscillatory Rheometers
3. Review of current state and outline best practice
3.1. USP chapters 911,912 and 1911 and 1912
3.2. Rheology of different dosage forms3.2.1. Creams
3.2.2. Ointments3.2.3. Lotions
3.2.4. Gels3.2.5. Others (foams, SLN dispersions etc.)
3.3. White papers from instrument manufacturers
3.3.1. Application specific analysis of rheology
3.3.1.1. Effect of temperature on viscosity
3.3.1.2. Effect of shear rate on moduli
3.3.1.3. Determination of yield stress
3.4. Correlation of processing conditions to the rheological data3.4.1. Speed of mixing
3.4.2. Processing temperature
3.4.3. Others (use of vacuum, presence of nitrogen, mixing type – homogenizers, dispersers, propellers, spindle mixers etc.)
4. Recommendation for next steps
4.1. Identify gaps4.1.1. Temperature dependent studies
4.1.1.1. What is there to gain by evaluating the rheology of a semi-solid product at temperatures other than its recommended storage condition.4.1.2. How is viscosity data being used
4.1.2.1. What other variables of product development can viscosity/rheology be evaluated for other than physical stability.
ROLE OF EXCIPIENTS ON THE Q3 (MICROSTRUCTURE) PROPERTIES
Chapter outline:
A. Introduction: Role of excipients with respect to the relationship between Q1/Q2/Q3, quality attributes and product performance
1. The semisolid state is a result of the formation of the microstructure driven by several variables including excipient selection and quantity, processing variables, and storage time. This chapter will focus on the influence of excipients. Excipients can be affected by processing
a. Similarity of Q1/Q2 alone may or may not lead to similar or desired Q3 (microstructure) properties due to the influence of processing variables.
b. Similarity of Q1 and Q2 and optimized process conditions necessary to achieve desired microstructure.2. Role of grade and/or quality of of critical excipients in achieving a similarity of Q3 (microstructure). (e.g. Emulsifiers, Thickeners, Emulsion Stabilizers, etc.)
a. Defining what we mean by “grade”.
b. Adequate characterization of critical excipients.
c. Role of excipient specificationsB. Literature review and lab data demonstrating the impact of excipients on Q3 microstructure of semi-solid dosage forms.
1. How the different excipients play a role in the formation of microstructure
a. Fatty alcohols and self-bodying systemsb. c. PEG microstructure in PEG ointments d. Other examples 2. Role of excipient selection in achieving desired Q3 (microstructure). b. Impact on other finished product critical quality attributes or specifications (e.g. viscosity, appearance, pH, etc.) C. Role of grade and specifications of the excipients in the formation of microstructure Conclusion IN VITRO RELEASE TEST AS A CRITICAL QUALITY ATTRIBUTE IN TOPICAL PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT Chapter outline: A. Introduction: in vitro testing (IVRT, IVPT) and correlation to Q3 microstructure 1. Critical Quality Attributes (CQA) play an important role in demonstrating Q1, Q2 and Q3 equivalence of topical products. In vitro testing (IVRT, IVPT) is one of the CQAs that is predominantly used in the correlation of Q3 microstructure to product performance. This chapter will provide an introduction to in vitro testing and how this test can be a tool in evaluating Q3 microstructure. o Fick’s law and Higuchi principles o Definition of and difference between IVRT and IVPT o Synthetic membranes versus skin, rate-limiting and non-rate limiting membranes o How drug is transported across different layers of skin o How skin permeation is influenced by formulation components – give examples b. in vitro as a Critical Quality Attribute o Introduction to Q1, Q2 and Q3 attributes o Role of in vitro testing in product development o How in vitro test can be used in QbD and defining critical process parameters (CPP) 2. Typical semisolid dosage forms include gels, creams, ointment, and lotions and each of these has a different matrix that varies in complexity and affects the IVRT differently (cover aspects of the formulation such as the matrix that would affect release rate). a. Explain the different matrices in semisolid dosage forms b. Complexities of the matrices and role of formulation and process c. How IVRT is affected by the different matrices 3. Various microstructure parameters influences the release rate that include a. Rheology (and viscosity) b. Globule and particle size c. pH d. phase homogeneity e. Others? B. Various types of excipients (or inactive ingredients) are used in semisolid formulations and each of them has a different functionality. The type and grade of excipients used has an influence on the microstructure properties. This section will include the b. Different solvents, co-solvents, permeation enhancers d. How the type and grade of excipients influences the microstructure and release rate The FDA is giving significant importance lately to Design of Experiments (or Quality by Design) in the development of topical products as changing some parameters such as the order of addition and process parameters are designed can change the microstructure and hence the product performance. IVRT is used as an important tool in the Quality by design studies and this section will provide insight into how a combination of microstructure characterization and IVRT can help in the QbD study design. a. Order of addition b. Dissolution rate c. Mixing speed and time d. Homogenization e. Mixing temperature D. Microstructure properties are greatly influenced by the Critical Process Parameters (CPP) on microstructure and release rate. IVRT is one of the key CQAs that is used in evaluating the critical process parameters during product development such as a. Rate and mechanism of addition/ reduction b. Mixing time c. Cooling/heating d. Mixer type – dispersion, sweep and homogenizer e. Mixing Temperature, speed and duration f. Hold times at various process steps This section will highlight the importance of how IVRT can help in correlating microstructure with the critical process parameters. E. Post approval changes and IVRT IVRT plays a very important role in evaluating any post-approval change in process that can impact product quality and performance. FDA has issued the SUPAC-SS guidance to identify the different levels of process changes and how IVRT should be conducted to evaluate the impact. This Section will detail the various process level changes and what methodology should be adopted. STATE OF API Chapter outline: 1. Introduction State of API is one of the critical quality attributes of topical dosage forms. Molecular and solid-state properties of the API are important determinants. 1) Molecular attributes of API iii. Solubility iv. Ionization v. API property space for topical formulations: “Rule of N” 2) Introduction to Polymorphism a) Definitions (scientific, regulatory, legal, etc.) c) Properties that can vary with solid forms (melting point, hygroscopicity, dissolution, etc.) 3) Other physical forms (solvates, hydrates, clathrates, disordered phases) i. Salts/co-crystals iv. Supersaturated systems v. Nanoproducts 2. Analytical techniques for physical characterization 1) Identification i. X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) ii. Spectroscopy (Raman) iii. Thermal methods (DSC/TGA/HS-microscopy) iv. Optical Microscopy v. Others (ssNMR, SAXS, synchrotron X-ray) 3. State-of-API-related risk assessment and mitigation for topical dosage forms 1) Criticality of state of API 3) Physical stability during storage 4. Considerations and Best practice for state of API Q3 2) Regulatory considerations 3) Best practice 5. Conclusion MICROSCOPIC VIEW AND PARTICLE SIZE Chapter outline: Introduction and Scope Microscopic View-Optical Microscopy -Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM) to determine suspended API particle size and distribution -Optical microscopy of emulsions Determination of globule size and distribution PLM Microscopic View of liquid crystal stabilized emulsions -Particle characterization of topical products using image analysis Particle characterization using light scattering/diffraction Particle characterization using Morphologically Directed Raman Spectroscopy (MDRS) Particle characterization using cryo-scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Nigel Langley, Director Technical Service and Scientific Affairs – BASF Pharma Solutions, provides technical support to the pharmaceutical industry and helps solve drug development challenges with BASF's platform solutions. Prior to joining BASF, Dr. Langley worked for Croda Inc. as Technical Director Health Care, responsible for product and application development for both dietary supplements and Pharmaceutical excipients. He has also worked in Japan and England with Croda. He gained his Chemistry (Hons) degree and PhD (Liquid Crystals) from the University of Hull, (UK) and an MBA from Leeds University (UK). Nigel has been a member of the Executive Committee at IPEC Americas since 2010 and is currently VC membership. He is also helping to lead the Novel excipient initiative in collaboration with the IQ Pharma Consortium. Nigel has 30 years’ experience within the Pharmaceutical excipient industry.
Dr. Bozena B. Michniak-Kohn is a tenured Professor of Pharmaceutics at the Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, and Founder /Director of the Center for Dermal Research CDR at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. Her main focus is topical, transdermal and buccal drug delivery. Dr. Michniak-Kohn has nearly 40 years’ experience in design & optimization of topically applied formulations and transdermal patches. Dr. Michniak-Kohn received her B. Sc. (Honors) in Pharmacy and Ph.D. in Pharmacology from the U.K. Dr. Michniak-Kohn has directed over 50 Ph.D. and Masters students and the work resulted in over 135 peer-reviewed manuscripts, over 425 abstracts, 2 books, and 35 book chapters. She is a member of 10 journal editorial boards, several scientific advisory boards, member of Board of Trustees at TRI, Princeton and is a reviewer for about 44 pharmaceutical and drug delivery journals. For this work, she was awarded Fellow status of the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists (AAPS) in 2008.
David Osborne received his BS in Chemistry from Missouri State University and a PhD in Physical Chemistry in 1985 from Missouri University of Science and Technology under the direction of Professor Stig E. Friberg. Dr. Osborne honed his pharmaceutical product development skills while employed at The Upjohn Company (now Pfizer) and Calgon Vestal Labs (a Merck subsidiary). In 1993 he became Vice President of R&D for ViroTex Corporation which was acquired by Atrix Laboratories in 1998. David left his position as VP of the Dermatology Division at Atrix in 2003 to join Dow Pharmaceutical Sciences as VP Product Development until 2008. Dr. Osborne led Product Development at TOLMAR, Inc. from 2008 until retiring as Chief Scientific Officer in May 2016. David Osborne has over 100 issued patents and 50 publications primarily in the areas of surfactants, formulations and skin delivery. He edited the book Topical Drug Delivery Formulations (Marcel Dekker, 1990) and is the inventor and developer of Aczone (5% dapsone topical gel). Under his leadership, more than 30 NDA, ANDA, and OTC products have been launched which had one year combined sales in 2015 of over $1.2 billion. He was the 1992 chairman of the ACS Division of Colloid and Surface Chemistry, founding North American Editor of the journal Colloids and Surfaces: Biointerfaces and the 2001 MSU Outstanding Young Alumni.
Following the Semi-solid Microstructure Workshop sponsored by BASF and hosted by the Rutgers Center for Dermal Research, a pharmaceutical product development working group was formed. The group, known as the Q3 Working Group, selected the following five areas of focus: Particle/Globule Size and Distribution, Viscosity/Rheology/Spreadability, In Vitro Testing, State of API, State of Excipients. A committee was appointed for each of these five areas. The committees were tasked to review the literature, identify best practices, list experimental details required for an independent lab to duplicate the test, and propose scientific studies that may meaningfully advance this specific area of focus. Each committee has a chair (or co-chairs) that are the lead author(s) of the chapter. The Q3 Working Group members serve as the critical reviewers of each chapter, making suggestions that improve the quality of the document and that make each of the five chapters uniform in scope and content.
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