The Road To Excellence: the Acquisition of Expert Performance in the Arts and Sciences, Sports, and Games

ISBN-13: 9780805822328 / Angielski / Miękka / 1996 / 384 str.

Ericsson; K. Anders Ericsson

Opis

Excellence and the highest levels of performance in the arts and sciences, sports, and games have always been an object of fascination to both scientists and lay people. Only during the last 20 years have scientists studied these levels of performance in the laboratory in order to identify their mediating mechanisms. Contrary to the common belief that innate talents are the critical factors for exceptional performance, investigators have found that acquired skills, knowledge, and physiological adaptations in response to intense practice are the primary mechanisms, mediating the highest levels of performance.

This is the first and only book to examine how elite performers effect their exceptional accomplishments. The world's leading researchers on expert performance and creative achievement review theories and recent findings from many different domains of expertise on how experts optimize improvement in their performance and eventually attain excellence. Elite performers are shown to have engaged in deliberate-practice activities specifically designed to improve their performance from an early age. By age 20 they have often accumulated over 10,000 hours of practice The essential elements of deliberate practice, such as specific goals to improve performance, successive refinement through repetition, feedback and instruction, are explicated for different domains. Although the content of practice tasks will necessarily differ from domain to domain, investigators have found invariant characteristics for the optimal duration of practice sessions, maximal amounts of daily practice, the length of intense preparation (around 10 years), and ages of peak performance. Some of the book's chapters extend the review to the acquisition of everyday-life skills such as reading, to the performance of teams of experts, and to the development of creative achievement, geniuses, and artistic child prodigies. The book concludes with commentaries by several outstanding scientists in psychology, education, and history of science who discuss the generalizability of presented ideas and raise issues for future issues.

EXTRA COPY...It could be said that striving for excellence is what characterizes humanity, or perhaps what characterizes humanity at its best. Why do so few individuals ever reach the highest levels when so many start out on the Road to Excellence? In this book, the world's foremost researchers of expert performance in domains as diverse as sports, medicine, chess, and the arts explore the similarities and differences in the extended and strenuous Road to Excellence taken by the successful individuals in each domain. Their findings will intrigue and inspire readers who are themselves driven to achieve or who simply want to better understand the processes involved.

Recenzje

"...an impressive assemblage of expertise....useful to interested researchers."
—Contemporary Psychology

"The Road to Excellence signals the emergence of an exciting and important new chapter in the study of extraordinariness. As distinct from such rubrics as creativity, giftedness, talent, intelligence and genius, the focus here is on experimental and field studies of expert performance in diverse fields: music, chess, figure skating, wrestling, golf, medicine, perception, memory, and reading. While each field raises its own conceptual and methodological problems, most of the authors agree with Ericsson's central finding of the profoundly transformative power of prolonged, well-thought out and well coached 'deliberate practice.' This book is a must-read for anyone interested in how people come to do their best."
—Howard E. Gruber
Professor of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Teachers College Columbia

"This volume contains an interesting description of the development of expert performance in a variety of fields. It is a balanced collection; advocates of the view that experts are born and that experts are made both have their say. Readers will obtain a good picture of how modern scientific psychologists view expertise. The book will be a valuable reference for anyone interested in human cognition."
—Earl Hunt
Professor of Psychology, University of Washington

"This is psychology at its best: employing data from both laboratory and natural environments, using both contentious and provocative ideas. I recommend it highly. Researchers, teachers, parents, mentors and coaches--everyone interested in the development of high levels of talent--will learn much from this book."
—David Berliner
Regents' Professor of Education, Arizona State University

Spis treści

Contents: Preface. K.A. Ericsson, The Acquisition of Expert Performance: An Introduction to Some of the Issues. N. Charness, R. Krampe, U. Mayr, The Role of Practice and Coaching in Entrepreneurial Skill Domains: An International Comparison of Life-Span Chess Skill Acquisition. J.L. Starkes, J.M. Deakin, F. Allard, N.J. Hodges, A. Hayes, Deliberate Practice in Sports: What Is It Anyway? J.A. Sloboda, The Acquisition of Musical Performance Expertise: Deconstructing the "Talent" Account of Individual Differences in Musical Expressivity. V.L. Patel, D.R. Kaufman, S.A. Magder, The Acquisition of Medical Expertise in Complex Dynamic Environments. H.B. Richman, F. Gobet, J.J. Staszewski, H.A. Simon, Perceptual and Memory Processes in the Acquisition of Expert Performance: The EPAM Model. R.K. Wagner, K.E. Stanovich, Expertise in Reading. D.K. Simonton, Creative Expertise: A Life-Span Developmental Perspective. M.J.A. Howe, The Childhoods and Early Lives of Geniuses: Combining Psychological and Biographical Evidence. E. Winner, The Rage to Master: The Decisive Role of Talent in the Visual Arts. R. Glaser, Changing the Agency for Learning: Acquiring Expert Performance. F.L. Holmes, Expert Performance and the History of Science. J.B. Shea, G. Paull, Capturing Expertise in Sports. R.M. Shiffrin, Laboratory Experimentation on the Genesis of Expertise. R.J. Sternberg, Costs of Expertise.

O autorze

K. Anders Ericsson