Above the Land-1: From Classist Colony to Caudillo Anarchy 1800-1821.- Above the Land-2: The Era of Civil War 1821-1900.- Below the Land: The Formation of Oil.- Above the Land-3: The Iron Fist Order of the Mountaineers 1900-1935.- How the Andinos & Foreign Companies Managed Venezuela’s Oil.- The Conflicting Poles in the Military.- The New National Ideal.
Carlos A. Rossi is a Venezuelan energy economist with over three decades experience in trade integration, multilateral finance, foreign diplomacy and, since 1997, in the oil industry where he worked in Venezuela’s National Oil Company as the principal economist of the Venezuelan Hydrocarbon Association. Since 2013, he is the president of his own consulting firm EnergyNomics de Venezuela. He is university professor of Economics and Petroleum Economics and amongst his manifold publications he has authored 4 books on oil and economic development that have been published in Venezuela and the United States. He received his BA from American University in Washington DC and a master's degree from Sussex University, UK.
This book explains why Venezuela is so rich in natural resources - it has been producing oil since 1922 and harbors the largest oil reserves in the world - and yet it is also a failed nation of class-divided citizens exhibiting deep poverty in a corrupt, incompetent state. Venezuela is a bipolar nation, where two marked poles in the society exist which have historical origins and are mutually exclusive.
The book provides a critical analysis of Venezuela's history, economy and politics and explains the context and implications of the bipolar poles, known as the elite pole and the resentful pole. Both, it shows, have done serious harm to Venezuela’s prosperity.
The author describes the vicious circle of oil wealth, corruption, inefficiency and world market dependency and gives recommendations for a better future.