The Respiratory Functions of Blood

ISBN-13: 9781468423150 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 282 str.

Lars Garby

Opis

This monograph is the first of a series which is designed to present in depth timely reviews of subjects related to the blood. Insofar as each subject lends itself, the clinical aspects of each topic will be presented as fully as is appropriate, in addition to the basic features. As a consequence, the various monographs should be found useful not solely by hematologists. Depending on the nature of each topic, it is expected that these monographs will be found important by physiologists and specialists in fields other than hematology, as well as by scientists of very diverse interests. The present treatise illus trates this point. Doctors Garby and Meldon have brought together in a most useful way the spectacular advances which have been made in the last decade or two in a field of fundamental biologic impor tance. They have also brought to the discussion of this subject their own observations and interpretations as well as their profound understanding of the respiratory functions of the blood. Maxwell M. Wintrobe Salt Lake City, Utah v Preface This volume is an attempt to summarize the present state of know ledge of the respiratory functions of blood in health and disease. Though it deals fairly thoroughly with physicochemical aspects of the blood's gas transport properties and with the molecular chemis try of hemoglobin, its main emphasis is the gas transport function of the blood in vivo and modes of its disturbance in disease."

Spis treści

1 Introduction.- 2 Two Gas Transport Problems.- Requirements at Rest.- Oxygen.- Carbon Dioxide.- Equilibrium Binding Curves.- Requirements during Exercise.- Some Further Requirements.- Regulation.- Darwinian Evolution in the Genealogy of Hemoglobin.- Why Red Cells?.- 3 Physical Relationships in Blood-Tissue Gas Transport.- 4 Blood as a Physicochemical System—I. Hemoglobin and Its Interaction with Ligands.- Hemoglobin Structure.- Ligand Binding and Conformational States.- The Monod-Wyman-Changeux Model.- Adair’s Intermediate Compound Hypothesis.- Linked Functions.- The Molecular Basis of Ligand Binding, Conformational Change, and Allosteric Interaction of the Hemoglobin Molecule.- Oxygen.- Protons.- Carbon Dioxide.- 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate.- Carbon Monoxide.- Oxygen Binding and Interaction Coefficients under Physiological Conditions.- Basic Considerations.- The Whole Blood Oxygen Binding Curve under Standard Conditions.- Numerical Values.- Effect of Hemoglobin Concentration.- Carbon Monoxide.- Effect of Temperature.- Embryonic and Fetal Hemoglobins.- Hemoglobin-Ligand Kinetics in Solution.- Hemoglobin-Oxygen Interaction.- Hemoglobin Interactions with CO2, Protons, and 2,3- DPG.- 5 Blood as a Physicochemical System—II. Equilibria, Steady States, and Transport Kinetics of the Red Cell-Plasma Distributions.- Definition of a Standard State for Measurements of Blood Composition.- The Standard Steady State Distributions.- Red Cell Water.- Red Cell Ionic Composition.- Thermodynamic Equilibria and Ion Activity Coefficients.- Erythrocyte and Plasma Responses to Perturbations in Composition.- Fundamental Constraints and Approach to Analysis.- Applications of the Fundamental Relationships.- Review of Data on the Kinetics of Relaxation Processes in Blood.- 6 The Dynamics of Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Proton Transport under Normal Conditions.- The Model System.- Geometric Considerations.- Analysis of Plasma and Red Cell Compositional Profiles.- Determination of Systemic Capillary Blood Flowrate.- Simulation of Gas Transport at Rest.- Base Case.- A Simplifying Approximation.- Oxygen Transport in Exercise.- Facilitated Gas Transport in Tissue.- Oxygen-Myoglobin.- Carbon Dioxide-Bicarbonate.- 7 Some Physiological Control Systems.- The Controlled Gas Transport System.- The Red Cell 2,3-DPG Concentration.- 2,3-DPG and the Red Cell Glycolytic System.- Variations in Red Cell 2,3-DPG Concentration under Physiological Conditions.- The Whole Blood Hemoglobin Concentration.- General Aspects.- The Erythropoietin System.- Variations under Physiological Conditions.- Protection against Oxidation of Hemoglobin.- The Heme Groups.- The—SH Groups.- 8 Disturbances of the Respiratory Functions of Blood.- Abnormal Acid-Base Balance.- General Discussion and Results.- The in Vivo Dependence of Red Cell 2,3-DPG Level, [DPG]T, upon pH and Hemoglobin Oxygen Saturation.- Abnormal Erythron function.- Anemia.- Oxygen Affinity and Red Cell Age.- Kinetics of Oxygen Transfer in Red Cells with Increased Rigidity.- Polycythemia.- Abnormal Hemoglobins.- Abnormal Red Cell Organic Phosphate Concentration.- Carboxyhemoglobin and Methemoglobin.- Stored Red Cells.- Abnormal Lung Function and Ambient Air.- Simulation of the Effects of Abnormal Arterial Gas Tensions.- 9 Concluding Remarks.- References.