The Polarization Method of Seismic Exploration

ISBN-13: 9789400970939 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 282 str.

E.I. Galperin

Opis

variegated seismological conditions has been accumulated. The method has been developed further in two main directions: - the perfection of the techniques and equipment of three-component field studies incorporating a continuous control of the identity of equipment both in deep boreholes and on the surface; - the creation of efficient and straightforward software for the automatic processing of PM data. Whereas the early stages of development of the method have been conspicuous chiefly by the use of polarization for the discrimination of the wave field, in recent years the emphasis shifts to the use of polarization parameters to obtain additional information about the Earth. This is especially important, as the polarization parameters are very sensitive to inhomogeneities in cross-section and enable those parameters of the Earth to be studies which cannot be obtained from kinematics. Here one should especially mention the polarization of transverse waves, which can act as one of the most reliable parameters for identifying and studying anisotropic properties of the Earth. At present various modifications of PM are being developed applicable both to uphole - (PM RW = reflected waves method, PM CDP = common-depth-point method, PM refracted-wave method, PM of regional studies utilizing earthquakes) and to downhole observations (PM VSP = vertical seismic profiling). Not all the PM modifications are developing at the same rate. The method which has up to now been developed most extenSively is PM VSP.

Spis treści

1: physical and geological foundations of the Polarization method.- Physical Premises for Increasing the Efficiency of Seismic Methods Used in the Study of Media with Complex Structures.- General Information on the Polarization of Seismic Waves.- Brief Review of Papers Dealing with the Study of Polarization of Seismic Waves.- Selected Results from the Theory of Harmonic Oscillations.- Stereographic Projections.- Controlled Directional Reception Based on Displacement Directions (CDR—I).- Polarization Filtering.- Methods of Representing Trajectories of Particle Motion.- 2: Instrumentation For Three-Component Observations Using The Polarization Method.- Three-Component Sets.- Making Multi-Component Polar Seismograms.- Instrumentation and Methods for Producing Oriented Records.- Fixed- and Tracking-Components Block.- Equipment for Three-Component Observations and Data Processing Used in Seismic Prospecting.- 3: Polar Correlation of Seismic Waves.- Derivation of Equations for Line-Ups and Amplitudes of Elliptically-Polarized Oscillations.- Analysis of Equations for Line-Ups and Amplitudes of Linearly-Polarized Waves.- Analysis of Equations for Line-Ups and Amplitudes of Elliptically-Polarized Waves.- Plotting Polar Seismograms.- Determination of Parameters of Linearly-Polarized Oscillations.- Determination of Parameters of Elliptically- and Multiply-Polarized Waves.- 4: Application of Seismic-Wave Polar Correlation.- Polarization of Explosion-Induced Direct P and S Waves.- Polarization of Direct Shear and Other Waves Induced by Weak Local Earthquakes.- Polar Correlation of Transmitted Converted Waves Induced by Distant Earthquakes.- Use of Polar Correlation in Studies Concerned with the Effect of Observation Conditions on the Shape of Wave Records.- 5: polarization-position correlation (ppc) of Seismic waves.- An Outline of PPC.- Practical Procedure for PPC.- Use of PPC in Seismic Prospecting for Ores.- Use of PPC in Seismic Prospecting for Oil.- Use of PPC in Establishing Continuity for Converted PS Waves Resulting from Distant Earthquakes.- 6: study of media on the basis of seismic wave Polarization.- Effect of Low-Velocity Layers (LVL) on Wave Polarization.- Study of Particle Displacement in a Vertical Plane.- Location of the Boundary Position from Transmitted Waves in VSP.- Locating the Position of the Boundary from Converted Transmitted Waves in Surface Observations.- Locating the Position of a Refracting Boundary from the Polarization of Compressionl Waves.- Conclusion.- References.- Appendix - Glossary.- Index of Subjects.- Index of Names.