The Parvoviruses

ISBN-13: 9781468480146 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 424 str.

Kenneth I. Berns

Opis

The Parvoviridae have been of increasing interest to reseachers in the past decade. Their small size and simple structure have made them ame- nable to detailed physiochemical analysis, and from this work relatively detailed information has resulted that has signficantly increased our un- derstanding of the biology of these viruses. It has become clear that the Parvoviridae are of interest not only for their own sake, but also because their relative simplicity renders them useful probes in the study of the biology of host cells and of other DNA viruses with which they interact. The Dependovirus genus, for instance, contains the defective adeno-as- sociated viruses (AA V), which require a coinfection with either an ad- enovirus or a herpesvirus for productive multiplication. Studies of AA V, therefore, necessarily impinge on our understanding of the control of macromolecular synthesis by the helper virus. Similarly AA V has been reported to inhibit the oncogenicity of both adeno-and herpesviruses and has been used as a probe of mechanism in these instances as well. Finally, AA V establishes latent infections in vivo and is the only mammalian DNA virus where a comparable model system has been established in cell culture. This system has allowed study of the mechanism of latent infection at the molecular level.

Spis treści

1 Adeno-Associated Virus DNA Structure and Replication.- I. AAV DNA Structure.- II. Replication of AAV.- A. Productive DNA Replication.- B. Abortive DNA Replication.- C. Replication in the Absence of Helper Functions.- D. Replication of Cloned AAV DNA.- III. A Model for AAV DNA Replication.- IV. Host and Viral Proteins Required for AAV DNA Replication.- V. Conclusion.- References.- 2 Biology of Adeno-Associated Virus.- I. Introduction.- II. Association with Adenovirus.- III. Host Range.- IV. Experimental Infection in Utero.- V. Latent Infection.- A. Latent Infection in Vivo.- B. Latent Infection in Vitro.- C. Rescue of AAV DNA Cloned in pBR322.- D. Outstanding Questions.- VI. Inhibition of Adenovirus Oncogenicity.- A. Adenovirus Oncogenicity.- B. Inhibition in Vivo.- C Inhibition of Cellular Transformation.- D. Significance.- VII. Interactions with Herpesviruses.- A. Complementation of AAV by Herpesvirus.- B. Herpesvirus Oncogenicity and AAV.- References.- 3 Adeno-Associated Virus Defectiveness and the Nature of the Adenovirus Helper Function.- I. Introduction.- II. Biological Background.- III. Definition of the Helper Function.- IV. Genome Structure and Growth Cycle of AAV.- A. AAV Genome Structure.- B. Kinetics of Macromolecular Synthesis.- C. Biochemistry of AAV Replication.- D. Possible Sites of Action of Helper Functions in the AAV Growth Cycle.- V. Genome Structure and Growth Cycle of Adenovirus.- VI. Role of Specific Adenovirus Genes in AAV Helper Function.- A. AAV Helper Function of Adenovirus Mutants.- B. Analysis of Helper Function by Microinjection or Transfection of Adenovirus DNA or RNA.- C. Helper Function Involvement of Specific Adenovirus Early Gene Regions.- VII. Growth of AAV in Transformed Cells and Inhibition of Adenovirus Functions.- VIII. Summary.- References.- 4 Autonomous Parvovirus DNA Structure and Replication.- I. DNA Structure.- A. Virion DNA.- B. Replicative Forms.- C. Defective Genomes.- II. DNA Replication.- A. In Vivo Replication.- B. In Vitro Replication.- III. Model for DNA Replication.- References.- 5 Parvovirus Transcription.- I. Introduction.- II. Methods for Study of Transcription.- III. RNA Synthesis and the Virus Growth Cycle.- IV. DNA Genome Orientation and RNA Strand Specificity.- V. In Vivo Transcription. RNA Structure and Genome Location.- A. Structure of AAV RNA Synthesized in Vivo.- B. Structure of Autonomous Parvovirus RNA Synthesized in Vivo.- VI. In Vitro Synthesis of Parvovirus RNA.- VII. Promoter Structures.- VIII. Post-transcriptional Modification.- A. RNA Stability.- B. Methylation.- C. Polyadenylation.- D. RNA Splicing.- IX. Control of RNA Abundance.- X. Coding Potential of Parvovirus mRNA.- XI. Summary.- References.- 6 Variant and Defective Interfering Parvoviruses.- I. Introduction.- II. Nomenclature.- III. Detection of Variant Parvoviruses.- IV. Physical Properties of Variant Particles.- V. Physical Structure of Variant DNA.- A. Encapsidated AAV DNA.- B. Intracellular AAV DNA.- C. Encapsidated MVM DNA.- D. Intracellular MVM DNA.- E. Intracellular H-1 DNA.- VI. In Vitro Construction of Variant Genomes.- VII. In Vivo Generation and Replication of Variants.- A. Generation of Variant DNA.- B. Effect of Passage Level, Host Cell, or Helper Virus.- C. Replication of Variant DNA.- D. Growth Cycle Parameters.- VIII. Interfering Properties of Variants.- A. Viral Interference.- B. Defective Interfering Particles.- C. Interference by DI Particles.- D. Interfering Properties of AAV Variants.- E. Interfering Properties of H-1 Variants.- F. Interfering Properties of LuIII Variants.- G. DI Particles and Persistent Infection.- IX. Mechanism of Interference.- X. Biological Inferences.- References.- 7 Parvovirus Proteins.- I. Introduction.- II. Adenovirus-Associated Virus.- A. Composition of the Capsid.- B. Relationships among the Structural Proteins.- C. Protein Biosynthesis.- D. Nonstructural Proteins.- E. Assembly and Protein Modification.- III. Aleutian Disease Virus.- A. Composition and Properties of the Capsid.- B. Synthesis of Viral Antigen.- IV. Bovine Parvovirus.- A. Properties and Composition of the Virus.- B. Replication of Bovine Parvovirus.- V. Canine Parvovirus.- VI. Densonucleosis Virus.- A. Biophysical Properties.- B. Structural Proteins.- VII. Feline Panleukopenia Virus.- VIII. H-1 Parvovirus.- A. Composition of the Virion.- B. Viral Replication.- IX. LuIII Virus.- X. Minute Virus of Mice.- XI. Porcine Parvovirus.- XII. Rabbit Parvovirus.- XIII. Rat Virus.- XIV. Discussion.- References.- 8 Biology of Pathogenicity of Autonomous Parvoviruses.- I. Introduction.- A. History of Isolation.- B. Host Range of Parvoviruses.- II. Antigenic Structure and Serologic Relationship.- A. Hemagglutination and Hemadsorption.- B. Hemagglutination Inhibition.- C. Serum Neutralization.- D Immunofluorescent Studies.- E. Complement Fixation and Further Serologic Techniques.- III. Propagation and Assay Systems.- A. Dependence of Viral Replication on Cell Physiologic State.- B. Host Cell Range and Cultivation.- C. Cytopathology.- D. Persistently Infected Cell Cultures.- E. Assay Systems.- IV. Pathogenesis.- A. Natural and Experimental Host Range.- B. Transmission.- C. The Spectrum of Disease.- D. Persistent, Clinically Inapparent Infection.- E. Parvovirus Infections and Cancer.- F. Factors Influencing Pathogenicity.- References.- 9 Canine Parvovirus: Origin and Significance of a “New” Pathogen.- I. Introduction.- II. The Virus.- A. Physicochemical Characteristics.- B. Biological Properties.- C. Restriction Endonuclease Cleavage Site Analysis of the Viral Genome.- III. The Disease.- A. Enteritis and Panleukopenia.- B. Myocarditis.- C. Immunity, Antibody Prevalence and Manifestation of Infection.- IV. The Origin of CPV.- V. Conclusions.- References.- Addendum The Human Parvovirus.- I. A Ubiquitous Virus Associated with Erythema Infectiosum?.- References.