The Papovaviridae: The Papillomaviruses

ISBN-13: 9781475705867 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 408 str.

Peter M. Howley

Opis

In recent years there has been an explosion in research on the papillo- maviruses. The viral nature of human warts was first suggested 80 years ago by Ciuffo, who demonstrated transmission using cell-free filtrates. Shope described the first papillomavirus over 50 years ago as the etiologic agent in infectious papillomatosis in rabbits. Subsequent studies by Rous established that benign rabbit papillomas induced by this virus could progress to carcinomas when treated with specific nonviral cofactors. Despite these rich beginnings, the papillomavirus field lay virtually dor- mant until the late 1970s because no one was able to propagate these viruses in culture successfully. In the late 1970s the molecular cloning of the papillomavirus genomes permitted investigators to partially cir- cumvent this obstacle to their progress. The cloning of the viral genomes permitted the standardization of viral reagents and provided sufficient material to begin a systematic evaluation of the biology of this group of viruses.

Spis treści

1 Papillomaviruses: General Description, Taxonomy, and Classification.- I. Introduction.- II. Properties of the Virions.- A. Particle Structure and Protein Composition.- B. Nucleic Acid.- III. Biological Properties.- A. Characteristics of the Benign Tumors.- B. Immune Response of the Host.- C. Malignant Conversion—General Aspects.- IV. Classification and Nomenclature.- V. Description of Virus Types.- A. Human Papillomaviruses.- B. Bovine Papillomaviruses.- C. Other Papillomaviruses from Animals.- VI. Evolutionary Aspects.- A. Papillomaviruses and Miopapovaviruses.- B. Evolution of Papillomaviruses.- C. Papillomaviruses from Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis.- D. Reservoir of Papillomaviruses.- References.- 2 Animal Papillomas: Historical Perspectives.- I. Canine Oral Papillomatosis.- II. Shope Rabbit Papilloma.- III. Equine Papillomatosis.- IV. Bovine Papillomatosis.- V. Papillomatosis in Sheep.- VI. Oral Papillomatosis of Rabbits.- VII. Deer Fibromatosis.- VIII. European Elk Papillomaviruses.- IX. Viral Papillomatosis in Other Animals.- References.- 3 Organization and Expression of Papillomavirus Genomes.- I. Introduction.- II. General Properties of Papillomavirus Genomes.- III. The Genome of BPV-1.- A. Organization of the E (Transforming)-Region.- B. Organization of the L-Region.- C. The Noncoding Region.- D. Transcriptional Signals.- E. The Origin of DNA Replication.- IV. Comparative Anatomy of Papillomavirus Genomes.- A. Features of the HPV-la Genome.- B. Features of the HPV-6b Genome.- C. Features of the CRPV Genome.- D. Features of Other Papillomavirus Genomes.- V. Predicted Functions of Papillomavirus Proteins.- VI. Transcriptional Organization of Papillomavirus Genomes.- A. RNAs Expressed in Rodent Cells Transformed by BPV-1.- B. mRNAs Transcribed in Virus-Producing BPV-1-Induced Fibropapillomas.- C. The Transcription Map of the BPV-1 Genome Is Incomplete.- D. Transcriptional Organization of the CRPV Genome.- E. Common Features between BPV-1 and CRPV Transcription.- F. Transcriptional Organization of Human Papillomavirus Genomes.- VII. Conclusions.- References.- 4 The Expression of Papillomaviruses in Epithelial Cells.- I. Introduction.- II. Epithelium and Keratinization.- III. Behavioral Classification of PVs.- IV. Histological Characteristics of PV-Induced Lesions.- V. Transformation.- VI. Vegetative Viral Growth.- VII. Cytopathic Effects.- VIII. Expression of PV in Cultured Keratinocytes.- IX. Expression of PV in Malignant Cells.- X. Conclusions.- References.- 5 Papillomavirus Transformation.- I. Introduction.- II. Transformation Biology.- III. Transcription.- IV. Transforming Functions.- A. Genetics.- B. E6 Gene.- C. E5 Gene.- D. E2 Gene.- V. Plasmid Maintenance Functions.- A. Cis Elements.- B. Trans Functions.- VI. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 6 Papillomaviruses and Carcinogenic Progression I: Cottontail Rabbit (Shope) Papillomavirus.- I. Introduction.- II. Biological Properties of the System.- A. Virus Multiplication and Tumor Induction.- B. Tumor Progression.- C. Interaction with Chemical Carcinogens.- D. Regression.- III. Molecular Aspects of the System.- A. The Virus and Viral Genome.- B. State of the Viral DNA.- C. Viral Transcripts.- D. Conclusion.- References.- 7 Papillomaviruses and Carcinogenic Progression II: The Mastomys natalensis Papillomavirus.- I. The Animal System.- II. Epithelial Skin Tumors in Mastomys.- III. Identification of MnPV as the Causative Agent of Skin Tumors.- IV. Characterization of the Virus.- V. Persistence of MnPV Genomes in Normal Tissues.- VI. Accumulation of Viral DNA in Normal Skin during Aging.- VII. MnPV Genome Expression in Tumors.- VIII. Induction of MnPV by Tumor Promoters.- IX. Induction of Antibodies against MnPV in Mastomys.- References.- 8 Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis.- I. Introduction.- II. Clinical Aspects of EV.- A. Clinical Course of the Disease.- B. Morphology of EV Lesions.- III. Histology and Ultrastructure of EV Lesions.- A. Benign Lesions.- B. Malignant Lesions.- IV. Genetic Factors in EV.- V Immunological Factors in EV.- A. Humoral Immunity.- B. Cell-Mediated Immunity.- C. Regression of EV.- VI. HPV Types Associated with EV.- A. Multiplicity and Specificity.- B. Biochemical Properties.- C. HPV Infection in EV Patients.- VII. Role of HPVs in EV Carcinomas.- A. HPV Types Found in EV Cancers.- B. Physical State of HPV Genomes.- C. Expression of HPV Genomes.- VIII. HPVs and Skin Neoplasia in Non-EV Patients.- A Immunodepression or Immunosuppression.- B. General Population.- IX. In Vitro Studies on EV HPVs.- X. Questions Raised by EV.- A. Plurality of HPVs.- B. Control of HPV Infection.- C. Cofactors in HPV Oncogenesis.- D. Mechanisms of Tumor Progression.- References.- 9 The Role of Papillomaviruses in Human Anogenital Cancer.- I. Introduction and Historical Aspects.- II. Isolation of Genital Papillomaviruses and Their Characterization.- III. Biology of Genital Papillomavirus Infections.- IV. HPV DNA Sequences in Cell Lines.- V. State of Viral DNA in Benign and Malignant Lesions.- VI. Interaction of Papillomavirus Infections with Initiators in Malignant Conversion.- VII. Association of Malignant Tumors with Genital Papillomavirus Infections at Extragenital Sites.- References.- 10 Laryngeal Papillomas: Clinical Aspects and in Vitro Studies.- I. Introduction.- II. Clinical Description.- III. Treatment.- A. Physical Treatment.- B. Surgical Treatment.- C. Medical Treatment.- D. Immunotherapy.- IV. Pathology.- V. Molecular and Cellular Biology.- A. Etiology.- B. Tissue Culture Studies.- VI. Laryngeal Papillomas and Laryngeal Cancer.- VII. Major Unanswered Questions.- References.- 11 Papillomavirus Cloning Vectors.- I. Introduction.- II. Transformation by Bovine Papillomavirus.- III. Development of BPV-1 Vectors.- IV. Expression of Genes Cloned on BPV-1.- A. Human ?-Globin Gene.- B. Metallothioneins.- C. Hepatitis B Surface Antigen.- D. Human ?-Interferon Gene.- E. Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus.- F. Polypeptide Hormones.- G. Other Genes.- V. Stability of BPV-1 Recombinants.- VI. Future Directions.- References.- Appendix Sequence Analysis of Papillomavirus Genomes.- Carl C. Baker.- I. Papillomavirus Sequences.- II. Restriction Site Analysis.- III. Genome Organization.- IV. Protein Comparisons.- A. E1 ORF.- B. E2 ORF.- C. E4 ORF.- D. E5 ORF.- E. E6 ORF.- F. E7 ORF.- G. L1 ORF.- H. L2 ORF.- References.