Acknowledgements; A Note on Transliteration of Terms and Names; Introduction: Sources, Methodology and Terminology; Sources; Terminology; Structure of the Book; 1. The Land and Peoples in the North Caucasus in the Sixteenth Century: An Overview; 1.1 The Land; 1.2 The Peoples; 1.2.1 The Kabardinians; 1.2.2 The Western Circassians and Abkhaz-Abazas; 1.2.3 The Daghestanis; 1.2.4 The Cossacks; 1.2.5 The Nogays; 1.3 The North Caucasus: An Overview of the First Half of the Sixteenth Century; 2. Tracing the Milky Way: The North Caucasus and the Two Empires; 2.1 The North Caucasus within Ottoman Northern Policy; 2.2 The North Caucasus within Muscovite Steppe Frontier Policy; 2.3 The Road to Astrakhan: Towards a Mature Ottoman Policy in the North; 2.4 Muscovite ‘Ghost Fortresses’ and Muscovite Ways of Defining Loyalties in the North Caucasus; 3. Bargaining for the Milky Way: The Astrakhan Campaign and the North Caucasus Borderland; 3.1 The Astrakhan Ordeal: Preparation, Campaign, and Its Aftermath; 3.2 The Muscovite Responses to the Campaign; 4. The Milky Way Fades: Post-Astrakhan Ottoman and Muscovite Strategies in the North Caucasus; 4.1 Out of the Ashes, Tsar’s Prestige Born Again: Revival of Muscovite Power in Kabarda; 4.2 Killing Two Birds with One Stone: The Ottoman-Safavid War of 1578-1590 and the North Caucasus; 4.3 Muscovite Attempts to Contain Ottoman Activities in the North Caucasus; 5. The Milky Way Vanishes: The Denouement of the Ottoman-Muscovite Rivalry in the North Caucasus, 1605; 5.1 Pacification and Muscovite Domination of Kabarda; 5.2 The Final Act of the Imperial Rivalry in the North Caucasus: The Muscovite Offensives in Daghestan; 6. Searching for the Milky Way: A Tale of Five Narts; 6.1 Kansavuk and Sibok of the Janey Circassians; 6.2 Solokh of Kabarda; 6.3 Urus of the Greater Nogays; 6.4 Alexander II of the Kingdom of Kakheti; Conclusion: Imperial Entanglements and Borderlandization of the North Caucasus; Appendix I: Selected Ottoman Documents from Mühimme Defters; Appendix II: Selected Muscovite Documents from Posol’skii Prikaz records; Appendix III: Glossary; Appendix IV: Chronology; Bibliography.