The Neutrophil

ISBN-13: 9781468474206 / Angielski / Miękka / 2013 / 217 str.

Patrick Murphy

Opis

This book reflects the personal prejudices I have developed in twenty years of reading the scientific literature. I like monographs; good ones assemble a great deal of information in a logical sequence and in enough detail to enable one to see why current beliefs are held. For this purpose, it is entirely useless to write "as Smith has shown21,81,117 ---- " That only means that one must go to the library and turn up Smith's original papers, and one's object in reading a monograph is precisely to avoid that neces- sity. One needs to know what Smith did and why he thought his observa- tions proved whatever he claimed. Because life is short, it is impossible to deal with several thousand papers in this way, and the author must there- fore select a relatively few papers that he regards as crucial. Often, several papers of equal merit might be quoted, and the selection is then arbitrary. I therefore apologize to authorities who do not find their work discussed. Omission does not mean that I thought their work was not valuable; it means only that I preferred to quote twenty references that people might read rather than two thousand that assuredly no one would read. Another strong prejUdice is that the full understanding of present knowledge requires one to know how present views have developed.

Spis treści

1 Blood Cells.- 1.1. Platelets.- 1.2. White Cells.- 1.2.1. Lymphocytes.- 1.2.2. Monocytes.- 1.2.3. Polymorphonuclear Cells.- Selected Reading.- 2 Morphology and Cellular Physiology of Neutrophil Granulocytes.- 2.1. The Nucleus.- 2.2. Nucleic Acid Metabolism.- 2.3. The Cytoplasm.- 2.3.1. Carbohydrate Metabolism.- 2.3.2. Protein Synthesis.- 2.4. The Granules.- 2.5. Cell Movement.- 2.6. Directed Cell Movement.- 2.7. Microtubules and Degranulation.- 2.8. The Cell Membrane.- Selected Reading.- 3 The Origin and Development of Neutrophils.- 3.1. The Bone Marrow and Neutrophil Precursors.- 3.1.1. Granule Formation.- 3.1.2. Functional Differences Between Neutrophils and Their Precursors.- 3.2. Rates of Cell Division in Neutrophil Precursors.- 3.2.1. Morphological Methods.- 3.2.2. Tritiated Thymidine Methods.- 3.2.3. Critique of Marrow Kinetic Methods.- 3.2.4. Ineffective Granulopoiesis?.- 3.2.5. DFP Methods.- 3.3. Neutrophil Precursors Which Cannot Be Recognized Morphologically.- 3.3.1. The Hemopoietic Stem Cell.- 3.3.2. The Colony-Forming Cell.- 3.4. Summary.- Selected Reading.- 4 Tissue Consumption of Granulocytes and Control Mechanisms for Granulopoiesis.- 4.1. Distribution, Function, and Disposal of Neutrophils.- 4.2. Control of the Blood Neutrophil Level.- 4.2.1. Mobilization from Capillary Walls.- 4.2.2. Mobilization of the Mature Pool from Bone Marrow.- 4.2.3. Chalones.- 4.2.4. The Colony-Stimulating Factor.- 4.2.5. Stem Cell Controls.- 4.3. Summary.- 5 Inflammation and Chemotaxis.- 5.1. Inflammation.- 5.1.1. Gross Aspects.- 5.1.2. Microscopic Aspects.- 5.1.3. Increased Vascular Permeability.- 5.1.4. Emigration of Cells from Vessels.- 5.1.5. Mediators of Inflammation.- 5.2. Chemotaxis.- 5.2.1. Chemotaxis on Glass Slides.- 5.2.2. The Boyden Chamber.- 5.2.3. The System of Zigmond and Hirsch.- 5.2.4. Chemotactic Substances.- 5.2.5. The Serine Esterase of Neutrophil Membranes.- 5.2.6. Neutrophil-Immobilizing Factors.- 5.3. Antagonists of Inflammation.- 5.4. Summary.- Selected Reading.- 6 Phagocytosis.- 6.1. Mechanisms of Phagocytosis.- 6.1.1. General Considerations.- 6.1.2. Surface Phagocytosis.- 6.1.3. The Heat-Labile Opsonin System.- 6.1.4. Opsonization Mediated by Antibodies.- 6.1.5. Receptors on Neutrophil Membranes.- 6.2. Physiological Significance of Phagocytic Mechanisms.- 6.3. Summary.- 7 Degranulation and Intracellular Killing of Bacteria.- 7.1. Historical Aspects.- 7.2. Phagocytin.- 7.3. Degranulation.- 7.3.1. Specific Degranulation.- 7.3.2. Possible Membrane-Fusion Mechanisms.- 7.4. Intracellular Killing of Bacteria.- 7.4.1. Oxygen and Bacterial Killing.- 7.4.2. Myeloperoxidase.- 7.4.3. Oxidative Killing of Bacteria.- 7.4.4. Oxidative Killing Mechanisms Not Involving Peroxidase.- 7.4.5. Nonoxidative Bactericidal Mechanisms.- 7.5. Summary.- 8 Other Activities of Neutrophils.- 8.1. Extracellular Release of Neutrophil Granule Contents.- 8.1.1. Enzyme Release During Phagocytosis.- 8.1.2. Enzyme Release During “Frustrated Phagocytosis”.- 8.1.3. Enzyme Release Stimulated by Chemotactic Factors.- 8.1.4. Enzyme Release After Cell Death.- 8.1.5. Cell Lysis from Within.- 8.2. Enzymes Responsible for Tissue Damage.- 8.2.1. Cathepsins.- 8.2.2. Neutral Proteases.- 8.3. Abscess Formation.- 8.4. The Arthus Reaction.- 8.5. Nephrotoxic Nephritis.- 8.6. Serum Sickness.- 8.7. The Schwartzman Reaction.- 8.8. Human Diseases Involving Neutrophils.- 8.9. Neutrophils and Tissue Repair.- 8.10. Fever and Other Hormonally Mediated Responses to Infection.- References.