1. Introduction.- 2. A New Perspective on Party Emergence.- 3. The Issue of Education: How the Association became Party.- 4. Making the Party.- 5. Mobilising and Disciplining: The Relationship between Leaders and the Masses.- 6. The Role of Elections.- 7. Conclusion.
Anne Heyer is Assistant Professor of European History (1800-present) in the Institute for History at Leiden University, in the Netherlands. Her research focuses on political participation, and she explores the history of political parties, populism, social movements and democracy in Europe (primarily Germany, Netherlands, Britain and Spain). In addition, Anne is a research fellow at the German think tank for political participation, 'd|part', where she studies current questions of political participation.