The Law of Higher Education, Student Version

ISBN-13: 9781119271918 / Angielski / Miękka / 2020 / 1056 str.

William A. Kaplin; Barbara A. Lee

Spis treści

Notice to Instructors vNotice of Website and Periodic Supplements for the Student Version viiCrosswalk for the Student Version and The Law of Higher Education, Sixth Edition xixPreface xxxiAcknowledgments xxxixThe Authors xliGeneral Introduction: The Study of Higher Education Law xlvA. The Universe of Education Law xlvB. The Governance of Higher Education xlviiC. Sources of Higher Education Law xlviiD. The Legal Relationships within Institutions of Higher Education xlviiiE. The Law/Policy Distinction liF. The U.S. Legal System As It Relates to Higher Education Law liPart One Perspectives and Foundations 11 Overview of Higher Education Law 3Section 1.1 How Far the Law Reaches and How Loudly It Speaks 3Section 1.2 Evolution of Higher Education Law 9Section 1.3 The Governance of Higher Education 111.3.1 Basic concepts and distinctions 111.3.2 Internal governance 131.3.3 External governance 15Section 1.4 Sources of Higher Education Law 181.4.1 Overview 181.4.2 External sources of law 181.4.2.1 Federal and state constitutions 181.4.2.2 Statutes 191.4.2.3 Administrative rules and regulations 191.4.2.4 State common law 201.4.2.5 Foreign and international law 211.4.3 Internal sources of law 211.4.3.1 Institutional rules and regulations 211.4.3.2 Institutional contracts 221.4.3.3 Academic custom and usage 221.4.4 The role of case law 251.4.5 Researching case law 26Section 1.5 The Public-Private Dichotomy 261.5.1 Overview 261.5.2 The state action doctrine 281.5.2.1 When private postsecondary institutions may be engaged in state action 281.5.2.2 When students, employees, and others may be engaged in state action 351.5.3 Other bases for legal rights in private institutions 38Section 1.6 Religion and the Public-Private Dichotomy 401.6.1 Overview 401.6.2 Religious autonomy rights of religious institutions and their personnel 411.6.3 Government support for religious institutions and their students and faculty members 451.6.4 Religious autonomy rights of individuals in public postsecondary institutions 52Section 1.7 The Relationship Between Law and Policy 562 Legal Planning and Dispute Resolution 61Section 2.1 Legal Liability 612.1.1 Overview 612.1.2 Types of liability 622.1.3 Agency law 622.1.4 Enforcement mechanisms 632.1.5 Remedies for legal violations 642.1.6 Avoiding legal liability 642.1.7 Treatment law and preventive law 64Section 2.2 Litigation in the Courts 662.2.1 Overview 662.2.2 Judicial (academic) deference 672.2.3 Managing litigation and the threat of litigation 73Section 2.3 Alternative Dispute Resolution 742.3.1 Overview 742.3.2 Types of ADR 752.3.3 Applications to colleges and universities 78Section 2.4 Institutional Management of Liability Risk 822.4.1 Overview and suggestions 822.4.2 Risk management strategies 832.4.3 Enterprise risk management 86Part Two The College and Its Governing Board and Staff 873 The College's Authority and Liability 89Section 3.1 The Question of Authority 893.1.1 Overview 893.1.2 Trustee authority 93Section 3.2 Institutional Tort Liability 933.2.1 Overview 933.2.2 Negligence 983.2.2.1 Overview 983.2.2.2 Premises liability 1013.2.2.3 Liability for injuries related to on-campus instruction 1053.2.2.4 Liability for injuries in off-campus courses 1083.2.2.5 Liability for cocurricular and social activities 1123.2.2.6 Student suicide 1153.2.3 Educational malpractice and related claims 1193.2.4 Defamation 121Section 3.3 Institutional Contract Liability 125Section 3.4 Institutional Liability for Violating Federal Constitutional Rights (Section 1983 Liability) 1303.4.1 Overview 1303.4.2 Eleventh Amendment immunity 1324 The College and Its Employees 137Section 4.1 Overview of Employment Relationships 137Section 4.2 Employment Contracts 1404.2.1 Defining the contract 1404.2.2 The at-will doctrine 140Section 4.3 Collective Bargaining 1414.3.1 Overview 1414.3.2 The public-private dichotomy in collective bargaining 1424.3.3 Collective bargaining and antidiscrimination laws 142Section 4.4 Personal Liability of Employees 1464.4.1 Overview 1464.4.2 Tort liability 1474.4.2.1 Overview 1474.4.2.2 Negligence 1484.4.2.3 Defamation 1504.4.3 Contract liability 1544.4.4 Constitutional liability (personal liability under Section 1983) 1554.4.4.1 Qualified immunity 1554.4.4.2 Issues on the merits: State-created dangers 158Section 4.5 Employment Discrimination 1624.5.1 Overview: The interplay of statutes, regulations, and constitutional protections 1624.5.2 Sources of law 1644.5.2.1 Title VII 1644.5.2.2 Equal Pay Act 1774.5.2.3 Title IX 1804.5.2.4 Section 1981 1814.5.2.5 Americans with Disabilities Act and Rehabilitation Act of 1973 1824.5.2.6 Age Discrimination in Employment Act 1884.5.2.7 Constitutional prohibitions against employment discrimination 1904.5.2.8 Executive Orders 11246 and 11375 1934.5.2.9 Laws prohibiting sexual orientation discrimination 1944.5.2.10 Laws prohibiting transgender discrimination 197Section 4.6 Affirmative Action 2014.6.1 Overview 2014.6.2 Affirmative action under Title VII 2034.6.3 Affirmative action under the equal protection clause 2074.6.4 State regulation of affirmative action 2114.6.5 Conclusions 212Section 4.7 Application of Nondiscrimination Laws to Religious Institutions 213Part Three The College and Its Faculty 2215 Special Issues in Faculty Employment 223Section 5.1 Overview 223Section 5.2 Faculty Contracts 2245.2.1 Overview 2245.2.2 Academic custom and usage 2295.2.3 Part-time faculty 2315.2.4 Contracts in religious institutions 233Section 5.3 Faculty Collective Bargaining 239Section 5.4 Application of Nondiscrimination Laws to Faculty Employment Decisions 2455.4.1 Overview 2455.4.2 Judicial deference and remedies for tenure denial 246Section 5.5 Affirmative Action in Faculty Employment Decisions 255Section 5.6 Standards and Criteria for Faculty Personnel Decisions 2605.6.1 General principles 2605.6.2 Terminations of tenure for cause 2625.6.3 Denial of tenure 266Section 5.7 Procedures for Faculty Employment Decisions 2715.7.1 General principles 2715.7.2 The public faculty member's right to constitutional due process 2745.7.2.1 Overview 2745.7.2.2 Nonrenewal of contracts 2755.7.2.3 Denial of tenure 2795.7.2.4 Termination of tenure 2835.7.3 The private faculty member's procedural rights 2906 Faculty Academic Freedom and Freedom of Expression 295Section 6.1 General Concepts and Principles 2956.1.1 Faculty freedom of expression in general 2956.1.2 Other constitutional rights supporting faculty freedom of expression 2966.1.3 Academic freedom: Basic concepts and distinctions 2986.1.4 Professional versus legal concepts of academic freedom 3006.1.5 The foundational constitutional law cases 3036.1.6 External versus internal restraints on academic freedom 3106.1.7 "Institutional" academic freedom 3126.1.8 "International" academic freedom 314Section 6.2 Academic Freedom in Teaching 3236.2.1 In general 3236.2.2 The classroom 3266.2.3 Grading 3416.2.4 Private institutions 345Section 6.3 Academic Freedom in Research and Publication 347Section 6.4 Academic Freedom in Religious Colleges and Universities 356Part Four The College and Its Students 3617 The Student-Institution Relationship 363Section 7.1 The Legal Status of Students 3637.1.1 Overview 3637.1.2 The age of majority 3647.1.3 The contractual rights of students 3657.1.4 Student academic freedom 3737.1.5 Students' legal relationships with other students 391Section 7.2 Admissions 3927.2.1 Basic legal requirements 3927.2.2 Arbitrariness 3947.2.3 The contract theory 3967.2.4 The principle of nondiscrimination 3977.2.4.1 Race 3977.2.4.2 Sex 4027.2.4.3 Disability 4077.2.4.4 Age 4127.2.4.5 Immigration status 4137.2.5 Affirmative action programs 4177.2.6 Readmission 447Section 7.3 Financial Aid 4497.3.1 General principles 4497.3.2 Federal programs 4537.3.3 Nondiscrimination 4587.3.4 Affirmative action in financial aid programs 4607.3.5 Discrimination against noncitizens 4657.3.5.1 Documented (immigrant and nonimmigrant) students 4657.3.5.2 Undocumented students 469Section 7.4 Student Housing 4737.4.1 Overview 4737.4.2 Discrimination claims 4757.4.3 Searches and seizures 484Section 7.5 Campus Computer Networks 4927.5.1 Freedom of speech 4927.5.2 Right to privacy 5017.5.3 Liability issues 504Section 7.6 Campus Security 5077.6.1 Security officers 5077.6.2 Protecting students against violent crime 5127.6.3 Federal statutes and campus security 517Section 7.7 Other Support Services 5227.7.1 Overview 5227.7.2 Services for students with disabilities 5227.7.3 Services for international students 524Section 7.8 Student Records 5277.8.1 Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) 5277.8.2 State law 5338 Student Academic Issues 545Section 8.1 Overview 545Section 8.2 Grading and Academic Standards 546Section 8.3 Online Programs 5558.3.1 Overview 5558.3.2 Student legal claims about online programs 556Section 8.4 Academic Accommodations for Students with Disabilities 5588.4.1 Overview 5588.4.2 Requests for programmatic or other accommodations 5628.4.2.1 Domestic programs 5628.4.2.2 Study abroad programs 5738.4.2.3 Online programs 574Section 8.5 Sexual Harassment of Students by Faculty Members 577Section 8.6 Academic Dismissals and Other Academic Sanctions 5998.6.1 Overview 5998.6.2 Contract issues and fiduciary duty issues 6008.6.3 Constitutional issues 6038.6.4 Discrimination issues 6108.6.5 Procedures for academic sanctions 6148.6.5.1 Public institutions 6148.6.5.2 Private institutions 6189 Student Disciplinary Issues 621Section 9.1 Disciplinary and Grievance Systems 6219.1.1 Overview 6219.1.2 Establishment of systems 6229.1.3 Codes of student conduct 6239.1.4 Judicial systems 629Section 9.2 Disciplinary Rules and Regulations 6349.2.1 Overview 6349.2.2 Public institutions 6349.2.3 Private institutions 6379.2.4 Disciplining students with mental disorders 638Section 9.3 Procedures for Suspension, Dismissal, and Other Sanctions 6419.3.1 Overview 6419.3.2 Public institutions: Disciplinary sanctions 6429.3.2.1 Overview 6429.3.2.2 Notice 6479.3.2.3 Hearing 6489.3.3 Private institutions 652Section 9.4 Student Protests and Freedom of Speech 6569.4.1 Student free speech in general 6569.4.2 The "public forum" concept 6599.4.3 Regulation of student protest 6659.4.4 Prior approval of protest activities 6739.4.5 Posters and leaflets 6759.4.6 Protests in the classroom 678Section 9.5 Speech Codes and the Problem of Hate Speech 6799.5.1 Hate speech and the campus 6799.5.2 The case law on hate speech and speech codes 6819.5.3 Guidelines for dealing with hate speech on campus 68910 Rights and Responsibilities of Student Organizations and Their Members 693Section 10.1 Student Organizations 69310.1.1 The right to organize 69310.1.2 The right not to join, or associate, or subsidize 70010.1.3 Mandatory student activities fees 70110.1.4 Principle of nondiscrimination 70810.1.5 Religious activities 720Section 10.2 Fraternities and Sororities 72910.2.1 Overview 72910.2.2 Institutional recognition and regulation of fraternal organizations 73010.2.3 Institutional liability for the acts of fraternal organizations 738Section 10.3 The Student Press 74210.3.1 General principles 74210.3.2 Mandatory student fee allocations to student publications 74410.3.3 Permissible scope of institutional regulation 74510.3.4 Advertising in student publications 75310.3.5 Obscenity 75610.3.6 Libel 75710.3.7 Obscenity and libel in private institutions 761Section 10.4 Athletic Teams and Clubs 76210.4.1 General principles 76210.4.2 Athletes' due process rights 76310.4.3 Athletes' freedom of speech 76510.4.4 Pertinent statutory law 76810.4.5 Athletic scholarships 76910.4.6 Sex discrimination 77410.4.7 Discrimination on the basis of disability 78910.4.8 Drug testing 79110.4.9 Tort liability for athletic injuries 797Part Five The College and The Outside World 80511 The College and Government 807Section 11.1 Local Government Regulation 80711.1.1 Overview of local government regulation 80711.1.2 Trespass statutes and ordinances, and related campus regulations 81211.1.3 Relations with local police 822Section 11.2 State Government Regulation 82411.2.1 Overview 82411.2.2 State provision of public postsecondary education 82811.2.3 State chartering and licensure of private postsecondary institutions 83011.2.4 Other state regulatory laws affecting postsecondary education programs 83411.2.4.1 Laws on gun possession 834Section 11.3 Federal Government Regulation 83811.3.1 Overview of federal constitutional powers over education 83811.3.2 Federal regulation of postsecondary education 84011.3.2.1 Overview 84011.3.2.2 Regulation of research 84211.3.2.3 Regulation of intellectual property 842Section 11.4 Federal Aid-to-Education Programs 85011.4.1 Functions and history 85011.4.2 Legal structure of federal aid programs 851Section 11.5 Civil Rights Compliance 85311.5.1 General considerations 85311.5.2 Title VI 85411.5.3 Title IX 86111.5.3.1 Overview 86111.5.3.2 Title IX and peer sexual harassment 86611.5.3.3 Claims by accusing students 86911.5.3.4 Claims by accused students 87411.5.4 Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act 87911.5.5 Coverage of unintentional discrimination 88312 The College and External Private Entities 887Section 12.1 The Education Associations 88712.1.1 Overview of the education associations 88712.1.2 Accrediting agencies 89012.1.3 Athletic associations and conferences 893Section 12.2 Business Partners 89412.2.1 Research collaboration 89412.2.2 The research agreement 897AppendicesA. Constitution of the United States of America: Provisions of Particular Interest to Postsecondary Education 905B. The American Court System 911C. Reading and Analyzing Court Opinions 915D. Glossary of Legal Terms 919Bibliography 927Statute Index 939Case Index 945Subject Index 969

O autorze

WILLIAM A. KAPLIN is professor of law emeritus at the Columbus School of Law, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC.BARBARA A. LEE is Senior Vice President for Academic Affairs and a Distinguished Professor of Human Resource Management, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.NEAL H. HUTCHENS is a Professor and Chair in the Department of Higher Education, School of Education at the University of Mississippi.JACOB H. ROOKSBY is Dean and Professor of Law at Gonzaga University School of Law, Spokane, Washington.