The Influence of Ethyl Alcohol on the Development of the Chondrocranium of Gallus Gallus

ISBN-13: 9783540617099 / Angielski / Miękka / 1996 / 128 str.

M. Heyns;Heyns; Marise Heyns

Opis

According to Jones and Smith (1973) the potential adverse effect of maternal alcoholism on the development of the offspring has been referred to in early Greek and Roman mythology. In a Carthaginian ritual, the bridal couple was forbidden to drink wine on their wedding night in order that defective children might not be conceived (Haggard and Jellinek 1942). Also, according to lones and Smith (1973,1975), the British House of Commons indicated in 1834, in a report by a select committee investigating drunk- enness, that infants born to alcoholic mothers sometimes had a starved, shrivelled and imperfect look. According to Librizzi (1982) the first documented observations appeared in 1849 with the publication of the essay by Carpenter entitled "The Use and Abuse of Alcoholic Liquors in Health and Disease." He stated that habitual intemperance is the most potent of all causes of insanity because it aggravates the operation in other causes. Sullivan (1990) recorded increased abortion and stillbirth rates among chronically al- coholic mothers in a Liverpool prison and an increased incidence of epilepsy in their surviving offspring. Various investigators including Ladraque (1901), Roe (1944). Le- comte (1950), Christiaens et al. (1960) and Lemoine et al. (1967) have since then reported increased incidence of abnormalities and decreased weight of surviving children born to chronic alcoholic mothers.

Spis treści

1 Introduction.- 2 Material and Technique.- 3 Description of the Normal Stages of Early Development.- 3.1 Stage I.- 3.1.1 The Basal Plate and Otic Capsules.- 3.1.2 The Anterior End of the Chondrocranium.- 3.1.3 The Visceral Arches.- 3.2 Stage II.- 3.2.1 The Basal Plate and Otic Capsules.- 3.2.2 The Anterior End of the Chondrocranium.- 3.2.3 The Visceral Arches.- 3.3 Stage III.- 3.3.1 The Basal Plate and Otic Capsules.- 3.3.2 The Anterior End of the Chondrocranium.- 3.3.3 The Visceral Arches.- 3.4 Stage IV.- 3.4.1 The Basal Plate and Otic Capsules.- 3.4.2 The Anterior End of the Chondrocranium.- 3.4.3 The Visceral Arches.- 3.5 Stage V.- 3.5.1 The Basal Plate and Otic Capsules.- 3.5.2 The Anterior End of the Chondrocranium.- 3.5.3 The Visceral Arches.- 3.6 Stage VI.- 3.6.1 The Basal Plate and Otic Capsules.- 3.6.2 The Anterior End of the Chondrocranium.- 3.6.3 The Visceral Arches.- 4 Description of the Experimental Stages of Early Development.- 4.1 Stage I.- 4.2 Stage II.- 4.3 Stage III.- 4.3.1 The Basal Plate and Otic Capsules.- 4.3.2 The Anterior End of the Chondrocranium.- 4.3.3 The Visceral Arches.- 4.4 Stage IV.- 4.5 Stage V.- 4.5.1 The Basal Plate and Otic Capsules.- 4.5.2 The Anterior End of the Chondrocranium.- 4.5.3 The Visceral Arches.- 4.6 Stage VI.- 4.6.1 Group A.- 4.6.1.1 The Basal Plate and Otic Capsules.- 4.6.1.2 The Anterior End of the Chondrocranium.- 4.6.1.3 The Visceral Arches.- 4.6.2 Group B.- 4.6.2.1 The Basal Plate and Otic Capsules.- 4.6.2.2 The Anterior End of the Chondrocranium.- 4.6.2.3 The Visceral Arches.- 4.6.3 Group C.- 4.6.3.1 The Basal Plate and Otic Capsules.- 4.6.3.2 The Anterior End of the Chondrocranium.- 4.6.3.3 The Visceral Arches.- 5 Résumé and Discussion.- 5.1 General.- 5.2 Histological Investigations.- 5.2.1 General Cranial Malformations.- 5.2.2 Chondrocranial Malformations.- 5.2.2.1 The Basal Plate and Otic Capsules.- 5.2.2.1.1 The Acrochordal Cartilage and Tip of the Chorda.- 5.2.2.1.2 The Fenestra Basicranialis Posterior.- 5.2.2.1.3 The Otic Capsules.- 5.2.2.1.4 The Occipital Region and Fissura Metotica.- 5.2.2.1.5 The Posterior Part of the Orbital Cartilage.- 5.2.2.1.6 The Pila Antotica and Pila Antotica Spuria.- 5.2.2.1.7 The Orbitocapsular Commissure and Processus Oticus.- 5.2.2.1.8 The Tectum Synoticum.- 5.2.2.2 The Anterior End of the Chondrocranium.- 5.2.2.2.1 The Incisura Carotica.- 5.2.2.2.2 The Interorbital Septum.- 5.2.2.2.3 The Nasal Capsules.- 5.2.2.3 The Visceral Arches.- 5.3 Embryogenic Review.- 6 Summary and Comparison with Results of Vorster (1989).- 7 References.

Blurb

This volume is a valuable contribution to the influence of a teratological agent on early avian development, especially the chondrocranium. Cranial abnormalities developing from the experimental application of ethyl alcohol on genetically and nutritionally uniform chick embryos are described in detail and compared to the normal stages of development. A full discussion and evaluation are provided regarding the gross abnormalities and malformations observed in microscopical and histological investigations. The value of avian material for the experimental applicaion of teratogenic material is demonstrated.