The Immunopathology of Lymphoreticular Neoplasms

ISBN-13: 9781461340171 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 764 str.

J. Twomey

Opis

Until recently, understanding of the lymphomas was limited and largely descriptive. Attention has been focused, for the most part, upon morphological issues and clinical matters. Although useful, this approach has many shortcomings. The true cytoidentity of primary neoplastic cells was not established by these methods, nor could their clonal nature be recognized. The more overt changes in immunological function, such as monoclonal gammopathies and immunodeficiencies, were appre ciated as important components of these diseases. However, subtle immunological perturbations were not recognized. Furthermore, associations were not established between the lymphoreticular neoplasms on the one hand and both primary and secondary immunological abnormalities on the other. There has been considerable recent progress in the fields of immunobiology, cytology, and immunochemistry. These new approaches have proved readily applicable to studies on the lymphomas. The term "lymphoma" has been applied to a heterogeneous group of neo plasms that involve lymphoid tissues. This term is not altogether satisfactory, since it implies that cells of primarily the lymphoid series are involved in the neoplastic process. Some neoplasms, heretofore classified as "lymphomas," now appear, from the results of penetrating analysis using newer methodology, to be malignan cies of the macrophage series, rather than of the lymphocytic series. These neo plasms include Hodgkin's disease and a minority of neoplasms previously referred to as "histiocytic" lymphomas. The majority of these "histiocytic" lymphomas are now known to be lymphoid malignancies involving the B-cell series."

Spis treści

1 Development of Lymphoid Tissues.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The T-Cell System.- 3. The B-Cell System.- 4. Conclusion.- References.- 2 Regulation of the Immune Response.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The T-Cell System.- 3. The B-Cell System.- 4. The Reticuloendothelial System.- 5. Immune Response Genes.- 6. Summary.- References.- 3 Aging and Involution of the Immunological Apparatus.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cellular Basis of Lymphoid Involution.- 3. Lymphoid Involution and the Diseases of Aging.- 4. Thymus and Endocrine Organs.- 5. Virus Infection and Lymphoid Involution.- 6. Role of Nutrition in the Involution of the Lymphoid and Immune Systems.- 7. Projections for Future Research and for Efforts to Prevent or Treat Diseases of Aging.- References.- 4 Experimental Models of Lymphoid Malignancies.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Clinical Features.- 3. Classification.- 4. Inciting Factors.- 5. Role of the Thymus.- 6. Role of the Bursa.- 7. Immunological Considerations.- 8. Conclusions.- References.- 5 Epidemiology of Primary Neoplasms of Lymphoid Tissues in Animals.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Lymphosarcoma in Cold-Blooded Animals.- 3. Lymphosarcoma in Warm-Blooded Animals.- References.- 6 Epidemiology of Lymphoreticular Malignancies in Man.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Importance of Environmental Factors.- 3. International and Regional Differences.- 4. Socioeconomic and Urban-Rural Factors.- 5. Migration Studies.- 6. Gender and Marital Status.- 7. Geographic Variations in Tumor Presentation.- 8. Epidemiology of Burkitt’s Lymphoma.- 9. Hodgkin’s Disease Aggregates.- 10. Prior Tonsillectomy and Hodgkin’s Disease.- 11. Importance of the Altered Immune State.- 12. The Histocompatibility Antigen System and the Malignant Lymphomas.- 13. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 7 Immunodeficiency Diseases and Malignancy.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Identification of Genetically Induced Immunodeficiencies That Predispose to Malignancy.- 3. Malignancy Patterns in the Genetically Induced Immunodeficiencies.- 4. Possible Mechanisms Linking Human Immunodeficiency and Malignancy: Hypotheses.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- 8 Immunosuppression and Malignant Disease.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Incidence of Malignancies in Organ-Transplant Recipients.- 3. Varieties of Neoplasms in Organ-Transplant Recipients.- 4. Lymphomas in Organ-Transplant Recipients.- 5. Neoplasms in Nontransplant Patients Treated with Immunosuppressive and Cancer Chemotherapeutic Agents.- 6. Possible Causes of Neoplasms.- 7. Implications for the Future Use of the Immunosuppressive and Cancer Chemotherapeutic Agents.- 8. Summary.- References.- 9 The Pathology of Lymphoreticular Neoplasms.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Immunological Background.- 3. A Functional Cytological Classification of Malignant Lymphomas.- 4. Immunological and Cytochemical Marker Studies.- 5. Illustrative Cases.- 6. Conclusions and Summary.- References.- 10 Cytoidentity of the Lymphoreticular Neoplasms.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Identification of Mononuclear Cell Populations.- 3. Application of Differentiation Markers to the Lymphoreticular Malignancies.- References.- 11 Ecotaxis, Ecotaxopathy, and Lymphoid Malignancy: Terms, Facts, and Predictions.- 1. Ecotaxis.- 2. Ecotaxopathy.- 3. Predictions.- 4. Conclusion.- 5. Note Added in Proof.- References.- 12 Immunoglobulins in the Normal State and in Neoplasms of B Cells.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Structure of Immunoglobulins.- 3. Immunoglobulin Variants.- 4. Symptoms Related to Proteins with Unusual Physical or Chemical Properties.- 5. Regulation of Immunoglobulin Levels.- 6. Sites of Synthesis of Immunoglobulins and Factors Involved in Regulation of Synthesis.- 7. Molecular Events in the Synthesis and Assembly of Immunoglobulins.- 8. Conclusion.- References.- 13 Burkitt’s Lymphoma and Infectious Mononucleosis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Burkitt’s Lymphoma.- 3. Infectious Mononucleosis—Pathology.- 4. Epstein-Barr Virus.- 5. Immune Responses in Infectious Mononucleosis and Burkitt’s Lymphoma.- 6. Association of Epstein-Barr Virus with Other Lymphoproliferative Disorders.- 7. Epstein-Barr-Virus-Associated Lymphoma in Nonhuman Primates.- 8. Epidemiological Studies.- 9. Discussion.- References.- 14 ?-Chain Disease: A Possible Model for the Pathogenesis of Human Lymphomas.- 1 Introduction.- 2. Immunoglobulin Abnormalities.- 3. Clinicopathological Features.- 4. Natural History.- 5. Treatment.- 6. Epidemiology and Relationship to So-Called “Mediterranean Lymphoma”.- 7. Pathogenesis.- 8. Conclusion.- References.- 15 Lymphoreticular Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract: Roentgenographic Features.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Roentgen Examination of the Small Bowel—Technique.- 3. The Normal Small Bowel.- 4. The Small Bowel in Immunoglobulin-Deficiency Syndromes.- 5. Lymphocytic Lymphoma of the Small Bowel.- 6. Lymphocytic Lymphoma of the Stomach.- 7. Lymphocytic Lymphoma of the Colon.- References.- 16 Proliferative Disorders of the T-Cell Series.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas.- 3. Other Proliferative Disorders of the T-Cell Series—Disorders with Both T- and B-Cell Markers.- 4. Hypereosinophilic States.- 5. Conclusion and Outlook.- References.- 17 Lymphoreticular Malignancies in Childhood.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Clinical Features of Lymphoreticular Malignancies.- 3. Lymphoblastic Leukemia of Childhood: Prognostic Factors.- 4. Malignant Lymphoma of Childhood.- 5. Childhood Leukemias and Lymphomas.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- 18 Immunodeficiency States Associated with Acute Leukemias, Multiple Myeloma, and Waldenström’s Macroglobulinemia.- 1. Acute Leukemias.- 2. Multiple Myeloma.- 3. Waldenström’s Macroglobulinemia.- References.- 19 Immunodeficiencies Associated with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia.- 3. Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas.- References.- 20 Immunological Changes with Hodgkin’s Disease.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Importance of Being Immunologically Competent with Hodgkin’s Disease.- 3. Manifestations of Increased Immunological Reactivity.- 4. Manifestations of Immunodeficiency in Vivo.- 5. Lymphocyte Depletion.- 6. Lymphoproliferative Responses in Vitro.- 7. Abnormalities of Other Immune Responses.- 8. Suppression of Lymphoproliferative Responses.- 9. Humoral Immunity.- 10. Therapy of Hodgkin’s Disease and Immune Function.- 11. Commentary.- References.- 21 Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma in Children: Historical Review, Patterns of Disease, and Future Trends.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Age Distribution.- 3. Natural History with Respect to Primary Sites.- 4. Summary.- 5. Present and Future Trends in the Management of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma.- 6. Conclusions.- 7. Note Added in Proof.- References.- 22 Biology, Clinical Patterns, and Treatment of Multiple Myeloma and Related Plasma-Cell Dyscrasias.- 1. Plasma-Cell Dyscrasias: Classification, Epidemiology, and Pathogenesis.- 2. Clinical Syndromes Intimately Related to the M Components.- 3. Clinically Asymptomatic (Occult) Forms: Benign Monoclonal Gammopathy; Plasma-Cell Dyscrasias of Unknown Significance.- 4. Clinically Symptomatic (Overt) Forms of Plasma-Cell Dyscrasia.- References.- 23 Treatment of Primary Neoplasms of Lymphoid Tissues.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Histopathological Classifications.- 3. Diagnostic Methods.- 4. Staging of Lymphomas.- 5. Clinical Manifestations.- 6. Treatment.- 7. Concept of Cure.- 8. Summary.- References.