The History of Ptolemy's Star Catalogue

ISBN-13: 9781461287889 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 348 str.

Gerd Gra Hoff

Opis

Ptolemy's Almagest shares with Euclid's Elements the glory of being the scientific text longest in use. From its conception in the second century up to the late Renaissance, this work determined astronomy as a science. During this time the Almagest was not only a work on astronomy; the subject was defined as what is described in the Almagest. The cautious emancipation of the late middle ages and the revolutionary creation of the new science in the 16th century are not conceivable without reference to the Almagest. This text lifted European astronomy to the high standard of knowledge on which the new science flourished. Before, the Ptolemaic models of the orbits of the sun, the moon, and the planets had been refined by Arabic astronomers. They provided the structural elements with which Copernicus and Kepler ushered in the era of modern astronomy. The Almagest survived the destruction of its epicyclic representation of the planetary orbits in the conceptual traces left behind in the theories of its successors. The clear separation of the sidereal from the tropical year, the celestial coordinate systems, the concepts of time, the forms of the constellations, and brightness classifications of celestial objects are, among many other things, still part of the astronomical canon even today.

Recenzje

"Grasshoff presents a detailed study of the catalog starting with its history and then details the various controversies over the catalog from Tycho through Dreyer and R.R. Newton. His analysis considers such questions as precession and solar theory, the methods of observations, and the internal errors of the catalog. The author concludes that Hipparchus' observations were incorporated into the Ptolemaic catalog but that Ptolemy, in the absence of any understanding of how to treat errors of observation, selected from a variety of observations those that best fit his theory. Charts of all the Ptolemaic stars and a catalog of their modern identifications are given."|-Choice||"The author's purpose is to lay to rest an argument which has blazed for several centuries, the question at issue being this: did or did not Ptolemy plagiarize (from Hipparchus) some of his data, and fabricate some of rest? The author begins with a detailed review of the history of the argument, turns then to a close examination of the data itself, and concludes that the charges which have been brought against Ptolemy are rooted in anachronism and in misunderstanding of his scientific objectives. One of several appendices provides modern identifications of the stars which appear on Ptolemy's list. Very carefully argued and produced, with detailed references, many figures. Sensible, useful...but quite unlikely to achieve its objective."|-Book News

Spis treści

1 The Stars of the Almagest.- 1.1 The Documents.- 1.1.1 Persons.- 1.1.2 Methodological Background.- 1.1.3 The Almagest on Fixed Stars.- 1.2 The Arabic Revision of the Almagest.- 2 Accusations.- 2.1 Tycho Brahe.- 2.2 Laplace and Lalande.- 2.3 Delambre’s Investigations.- 3 The Rehabilitation of Ptolemy.- 3.1 The Number of Hipparchan Stars.- 3.2 Supplementary Catalogues.- 3.2.1 Björnbo’s New Catalogue.- 3.2.2 Dreyer’s 1/4 Degree Stars.- 3.2.3 Dreyer II.- 3.2.4 Fotheringham.- 3.3 The Reconstruction of the Hipparchan Catalogue.- 3.3.1 The Determination of the Precession.- 3.3.2 Dreyer’s 1/4 degree stars.- 3.3.3 Peters’ Hypotheses of two Observation Instruments.- 3.3.4 Graduation of the Astrolabe.- 3.3.5 The Epoch of Observation for the Hipparchan Coordinates.- 3.4 Gundel’s List of Hipparchan Stars.- 3.5 Precession and Solar Theory.- 3.5.1 Pannekoek’s Calculation of Precession.- 3.5.2 The Hipparchan Solar Theory.- 3.6 Accusations.- 3.6.1 The Observation of Regulus and Spica.- 3.6.2 The Measurements of Declination.- 3.6.3 Stellar Positions from Occultations by the Moon.- 3.6.4 Fraction of the Degrees.- 4 The Analysis of the Star Catalogue.- 4.1 The Catalogue in the Almagest.- 4.1.1 Critical Edition of the Catalogue.- 4.1.2 Recalculation of the Coordinates for the time of Hipparchus.- 4.1.3 Identification of Stars.- 4.1.4 Errors in the Almagest.- 4.2 Criticism of Vogt.- 4.2.1 Vogt’s Interpretation of Delambre’s Precession Table.- 4.2.2 Reconstruction of Coordinates.- 4.2.3 The Accuracy of the Reconstructed Coordinates.- 4.2.4 Vogt’s Proof of Independent Observations.- 4.2.5 Statistical Test for Independent Data.- 4.2.6 Dating.- 4.3 Gundel’s Stars.- 5 Structures in Ptolemy’s Star Catalogue.- 5.1 Star Maps.- 5.2 Multiple Sources.- 5.2.1 Dreyer’s Paradigm.- 5.3 Method of Selective Error Distribution.- 5.3.1 Cluster-Analysis.- 5.4 Errors of the Solar Theory.- 5.5 Fractions of Degree.- 5.5.1 Fractions of Degrees in Latitude.- 5.5.2 Fractions of Degree in Longitude.- 5.6 Hipparchus’ Commentary on Aratus.- 5.6.1 Sources.- 5.6.2 Numerical Values.- 5.7 Calculation of Phenomena.- 5.7.1 Local Sidereal Time.- 5.7.2 Simultaneous Rising and Setting.- 5.7.3 Culmination.- 5.8 Deviations from Reality.- 5.8.1 Comparing two Catalogues.- 5.8.2 From Observation to Phenomena.- 5.8.3 New Ways of Comparison.- 5.8.4 The Globe.- 5.8.5 More Details.- 5.9 Reconstruction.- 6 Theory and Observation.- 6.1 The Aristotelian Heritage.- 6.2 The Uncertainty of Empirical Data.- 6.3 Radical Empiricism.- 6.4 Holistic Rationalism.- 7 Appendix A.- 7.1 Stars and Constellations.- 7.2 Identifications.- 8 Appendix B.- 8.1 Transformation Formulae.- 8.2 Column Headings.- 9 Appendix C.- 9.1 Column Headings.- 10 Literature.- 11 Index.

O autorze

Gerd Graßhoff, Studium der Physik, Mathematik, Philosophie und Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften an den Universitäten Bochum, Hamburg, Oxford. Seit 1999 Inhaber des Lehrstuhls für Wissenschaftstheorie und -geschichte sowie Direktor am Institut für Philosophie der Universität Bern.