The Grammar of Polarity: Pragmatics, Sensitivity, and the Logic of Scales

ISBN-13: 9780521792400 / Angielski / Twarda / 2011 / 314 str.

Michael Israel

Opis

Many languages include constructions which are sensitive to the expression of polarity: that is, negative polarity items, which cannot occur in affirmative clauses, and positive polarity items, which cannot occur in negatives. The phenomenon of polarity sensitivity has been an important source of evidence for theories about the mental architecture of grammar over the last fifty years, and to many the oddly dysfunctional sensitivities of polarity items have seemed to support a view of grammar as an encapsulated mental module fundamentally unrelated to other aspects of human cognition or communicative behavior. This book draws on insights from cognitive/functional linguistics and formal semantics to argue that, on the contrary, the grammar of sensitivity is grounded in a very general human cognitive ability to form categories and draw inferences based on scalar alternatives, and in the ways this ability is deployed for rhetorical effects in ordinary interpersonal communication.

Recenzje

'Michael Israel's magisterial study of the scalar foundations of polarity confirms beyond the slightest shadow of a doubt that little things do mean a lot. With clarity, elegance and wit, Israel pries open the black box of polarity licensing (no mean feat!) to demonstrate the role of scalar models at the heart of emphasis, attenuation, and rhetorical effects. This book is essential - and delightful - reading for all linguists, philosophers, and cognitive scientists with an interest in meaning and understanding.' Laurence Horn, Yale University

Spis treści

1. Trivium pursuits; 2. Ex nihilo: the grammar of polarity; 3. Licensing and the logic of scalar models; 4. Sensitivity as inherent scalar semantics; 5. The elements of sensitivity; 6. The scalar lexicon; 7. The family of English indefinite polarity items; 8. Polarity and the architecture of grammar; 9. The pragmatics of polarity licensing; 10. Visions and revisions.