The Grammar of Discourse

ISBN-13: 9781461580201 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 423 str.

Robert Longacre

Opis

While this volume is based on an earlier work, An Anatomy of Speech Notions (1976), the overall orientation of the present volume is distinctive enough to make it a new work. The former volume was essentially a half-way house to discourse. While including a chapter on discourse struc ture, it was not as a whole explicitly oriented towards con siderations of context. The present volume, however, strives to achieve a more consistently contextual approach to lan guage. A great deal of research and theorizing concerning discourse grammar or textlinguistics has characterized the past decade of linguistic studies. This recent work has, of course, influenced the present volume. In addition, my personal research in several areas has led to increased insistence on the indispensability of discourse studies. Crucial here was my direction of field workshops involving personnel of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, first in relation to languages of Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador (1974- 1975), and later in relation to languages of Mexico (1978). Of further relevance have been my own studies of narrative structure in Biblical Hebrew. Last but not least, is the stimulus and feedback which I have received from my graduate students (whose research is embodied in several theses and dissertations), especially Keith Beavon, Shin Ja Joo Huang, Larry Jones, Mildred Larson, Linda Lloyd, and Mike Walrod.

Spis treści

1 Monologue Discourse.- 1.1 Discourse Typology in Notional and Surface Structures.- 1.1.1 Notional Types.- 1.1.2 Surface Structure Types.- 1.1.3 Skewing of Notional and Surface Structure.- 1.1.4 Embedding Relations of the Five Surface Structure Types.- 1.2 Main Line vs Supportive Material.- 1.3 The Composer.- 1.4 Plot And Similar Structures.- 1.4.1 Plot as Notional Structure.- 1.4.2 Correlation of Notional and Surface Features.- 1.4.3 Marking of the Surface Structure Peak.- 1.4.4 Similar Structures.- 2 Repartee.- 2.1 Simple Repartee.- 2.2 Complex Repartee.- 2.3 Abeyance Repartee.- 2.4 Compound Repartee.- 2.5 Non-Verbal Resolution and Further Paragraph Types.- 2.6 The Number of Speakers in a Dialogue.- 2.7 Out of Phase Relations Between Notional And Surface Structures.- 2.8 Repartee as A Game.- 2.9 Summary.- 3 Combination Of Predications.- 3.1 Conjoining.- 3.1.1 Coupling.- 3.1.2 Contrast.- 3.1.3 Comparison.- 3.2 Alternation.- 3.2.1 Alternation with Only Two Possible Alternatives.- 3.2.2 Alternation with More than Two Alternatives.- 3.3 Temporal.- 3.3.1 Overlap.- 3.3.2 Succession.- 3.4 Implication.- 3.4.1 Conditionality.- 3.4.2 Causation.- 3.4.3 Contrafactuality.- 3.4.4 Warning.- 3.5 Paraphrase.- 3.5.1 Equivalence Paraphrase.- 3.5.2 Negated Antonym Paraphrase and Similar Structures.- 3.5.3 Generic-specific Paraphrase.- 3.5.4 Amplification Paraphrase.- 3.5.5 Specific-generic Paraphrase.- 3.5.6 Contraction Paraphrase.- 3.5.7 Summary Paraphrase.- 3.6 Illustration.- 3.6.1 Simile.- 3.6.2 Exemplification.- 3.7 Deixis.- 3.7.1 Introduction.- 3.7.2 Identification.- 3.7.3 Some Further Varieties of Deixis.- 3.8 Attribution.- 3.8.1 Speech Attribution.- 3.8.2 Awareness Attribution.- 3.9 Frustration.- 3.9.1 Frustrated Coupling.- 3.9.2 Frustrated Succession.- 3.9.3 Frustrated Overlap.- 3.9.4 Frustrated Hypothesis.- 3.9.5 Frustrated Contingency.- 3.9.6 Frustrated Efficient Cause.- 3.9.7 Frustrated Final Cause.- 3.9.8 Frustrated Attribution.- 3.9.9 Frustrated Modality.- 3.9.10 Some Restrictions.- 3.10 Definition of Symbols.- 4 Cases or Roles.- 4.1 Experiencer.- 4.2 Patient.- 4.3 Agent.- 4.4 Range.- 4.5 Measure.- 4.6 Instrument.- 4.7 Locative.- 4.8 Source.- 4.9 Goal.- 4.10 Path.- 4.11 Peripheral Cases.- 4.12 Cases Posited by Hale and the Pikes.- 5 Case Frames.- 5.1 A Scheme of Case Frames.- 5.1.1 Ambient Case Frames.- 5.1.2 Ambient-Experiential Case Frames.- 5.1.3 Experiential Case Frames.- 5.1.4 Factual Knowledge Case Frames.- 5.1.5 Case Frames of Desire/Cognition.- 5.1.6 Case Frames of Sensation, etc.- 5.1.7 Physical Case Frames.- 5.1.8 Case Frames of Measure.- 5.1.9 Locative Case Frames.- 5.1.10 Case Frames of Motion, Propulsion, Locomotion.- 5.1.11 Case Frames Referring to Property.- 5.2 Further Systematic Concerns.- 5.2.1 Reflexives.- 5.2.2 Causatives.- 5.2.3 Surface Structure Passives.- 5.2.4 Existentials and Equatives.- 5.3 Relevance of Case Frames to Discourse.- 5.3.1 Generatively.- 5.3.2 Analytically.- 6 Some Further Levels of Notional Structure.- 6.1 Derivation.- 6.2 Inflection.- 6.2.1 Verb Inflection.- 6.2.2 Noun Inflection.- 6.3 Concretion.- 6.3.1 Nominal Concretions.- 6.3.2 Verb Concretions.- 6.4 Performatives.- 6.4.1 Repartee Performatives.- 6.4.2 Type-Specific Performatives.- 7 A Framework for Discourse Analysis.- 7.1 Hierarchy.- 7.2 Tagmeme and Syntagmeme.- 7.3 The Law of Primary Exponence.- 7.4 General Theory of Exponence.- 7.5 Characteristics of the Various Levels.- 7.6 Variety in Nature.- 7.7 Similarities Between Levels.- 7.8 Some Deviant Schematizations.- 7.9 Notional and Surface Structure in a Hierarchical Framework.- 7.10 Surface Structure Meaning.- 7.11 Notional Structure Form.- 7.12 Mapping of Notional Levels Onto Surface Levels.- 7.13 Tagmeme and Syntagmeme in This Setting.- 7.14 Multiple Perspective.- 7.15 A Trimodal Model.- 8 A Concluding Essay: Toward Maximum Context.- Appendix: The Notional and Surface Structure of English Clauses.