"Jelena Dzankic's presents an interesting collection of chapters on the concept of investor citizenship. ... Readers will find, in the volume, both historical and modern contexts for controversies surrounding the phenomenon of 'passports for sale' and why some countries opt for it while others do not. With this volume ... Dzankic offers a valuable and capturing study for anyone interested in the topic of investor citizenship." (Andrej Prívara, Comparative Southeast European Studies, Vol. 70 (4), 2022)
Chapter 1: Introduction
Citizenship in the age of globalisation
The global market for investor citizenship: a novelty?
A brief note on methodology
Road map of the book
Chapter 2: Citizenship and money: historical snapshots
Citizenship in Ancient Greece: of possessions, duty and merit
Ancient Rome
The Middle Ages: loyalty to the city
Renaissance and Reformation: from citizens to subjects
Citizenship, revolutions and the rise of nations
The two worlds of citizenship
Citizenship and post-colonialism: roots of the contemporary sale of passports
Citizenship, property and resilient states
Conclusion
Chapter 3: To sell or not to sell: the ethics of ius pecuniae
The sale of citizenship and the different citizenship traditions
The pros of ius pecuniae
The dark side of investor citizenship
Conclusion
Chapter 4: A classification of investment-based citizenship programmes
Understanding the purposes of ius pecuniae policies
Discretionary attribution of citizenship to investors
Investor citizenship programmes
Path-to-citizenship programmes: facilitated and ordinary residence
Conclusion
Chapter 5: ‘Long-distance citizens’: strategies and interests of states, companies and individuals in the global race for wealth
Citizenship and global inequalities
A growing industry: multilayered networks in the investor citizenship market
The ‘demand side’ of the long-distance citizenship industry
Conclusion
Chapter 6: Ius pecuniae in a multilevel system: the European experience
Complexities of citizenship in nested polities
Mapping investment-based citizenship and residence schemes in the EU
Investor citizenship programmes in the EU
Investor residence programmes in the EU
Conclusion
Chapter 7: Conclusion
Contributions to comparative citizenship studies and avenues for future research
Jelena Džankić is Coordinator of the Global Citizenship Observatory (GLOBALCIT) at the European University Institute, Italy. She researches citizenship in Europe and beyond, Europeanisation, and politics of identity.
This book presents a systematic study of the history, theory and policy of investor citizenship and residence programmes. It explores how states develop new rules of joining their community in response to globalisation and highlights the tension between citizenship policies aimed at migrant integration and those, such as the sale of passports, which create ‘long-distance citizens’. Individual chapters offer insights in the historical relationship between citizenship, money and property; discuss arguments that support and counter the practice of the sale of citizenship; and examine the interests and strategies of the different actors—states, companies, individuals—that constitute the ‘supply’ and ‘demand’ sides of the burgeoning citizenship industry. The book provides a global overview of the market for investor citizenship as well as a separate policy analysis of the sale of citizenship and residence in the European Union.
Jelena Džankić is Coordinator of the Global Citizenship Observatory (GLOBALCIT) at the European University Institute, Italy. She researches citizenship in Europe and beyond, Europeanisation, and politics of identity.