Summary and Conclusions, Introduction, I The High and Low Points of Integrated Rural Development (IRD), 1 Growing Poverty Despite Modernization and Economic Growth—Rural Development as a Strategy, 2 The Basic Needs Strategy and IRD—Grass-Roots- Oriented Development Despite an Unfavourable Environment, 3 Regional Rural Development (RRD) as a Prototype of Rural Development Projects, 4 IRD/RRD—a Failed Approach?, 5 Lessons Learnt from 40 Years of Rural Development—A Provisional Appraisal, II Rural Development under the Conditions of the 1990s, 6 Laying Suitable Foundations for Effective Poverty Orientation in Rural Development, 7 Target-Group-Oriented Sectoral Programmes as Elements of Comprehensive Rural Development, 8 Necessary Modification of the Project Approaches, Notes, Bibliography, Figure 1