The Future of Predictive Safety Evaluation: In Two Volumes Volumes 2

ISBN-13: 9789401079365 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 320 str.

A. N. Worden; D. V. Parke; J. Marks

Opis

Reproduction and fetal development in humans and experimental animals may be adversely affected by a wide range of drugs and environmental agents. They may be toxic in the parental generation leading to impaired germ cell formation, loss of reproductive poten- tial and infertility following chronic exposure. Deviant fetal development occurs as a consequence of cellular damage at sensi- tive stages in development. Changes seen range from intrauterine mortality and structural malformation to growth retardation with physiological and behavioural defects. Concepts on the mechanism of action of teratogens are discussed with reference to some better-known agents. Presently, regulatory authorities prefer whole animal studies in predictive safety evaluation of substances to which a pregnant woman may be exposed. Tests are conducted over one or more generations and are designed to study the influence of test com- pounds upon general reproductive performance, fertility, fetal development and perinatal and postnatal behaviour. Experiments are designed to permit compounds to be tested under conditions resembling expected human exposure. Small rodents and rabbits are preferred species on account of their convenience as laboratory animals and the available knowledge regarding their reproductive behaviour, fetal development and known sensitivity to human teratogens.

Spis treści

1 Molecular Aspects of Toxicology.- 1 Molecular aspects of toxicology.- 2 Preclinical: In Vivo and Combined Approaches.- 2 The organization of preclinical and premarketing toxicity.- 3 Animal models of responses resulting from short-term exposures.- 4 Animal models of long term toxic effects.- 5 Inhalation aspects of toxicology testing.- 6 Testing for reproductive toxicity.- 7 Neurotoxicity.- 8 Safety evaluation — carcinogenic risks.- 3 Nutrition and Toxicological Prediction.- 9 Diet and the future of drug safety evaluation.- 9.1 Introduction — Laboratory Diets.- 9.2 Interaction of Drugs and Nutrients.- 9.3 Immune Function and Diet.- 9.4 Cancer and Diet.- 9.5 Influence of Diet on Longevity.- 9.6 Essential Fatty Acids, Prostaglandins And Anti-Inflammatory Drugs.- 9.7 Influence of Diet on Various Disorders.- 9.8 General Conclusions — Dietary Considerations Relative To Future Toxicology.- 4 Applied Aspects.- 10 Toxicology for pharmaceutical substances: the needs.- 11 Predictive safety evaluation: the clinical trial.- 12 Artificial sweeteners and the control of appetite: implications for the eating disorders.- 13 Tobacco and smoking products.- 14 New challenges in the safety evaluation of drugs and biologies.