The Four Pillars of Geometry

ISBN-13: 9781441920638 / Angielski / Miękka / 2010 / 229 str.

John Stillwell

Opis

Many people think there is only one "right" way to teach geometry. For two millennia, the "right" way was Euclid's way, and it is still good in many respects. But in the 1950s the cry "Down with triangles " was heard in France and new geometry books appeared, packed with linear algebra but with no diagrams. Was this the new "right" way, or was the "right" way something else again, perhaps transformation groups? In this book, I wish to show that geometry can be developed in four fundamentally different ways, and that all should be used if the subject is to be shown in all its splendor. Euclid-style construction and axiomatics seem the best way to start, but linear algebra smooths the later stages by replacing some tortuous arguments by simple calculations. And how can one avoid projective geometry? It not only explains why objects look the way they do; it also explains why geometry is entangled with algebra. Finally, one needs to know that there is not one geometry, but many, and transformation groups are the best way to distinguish between them. Two chapters are devoted to each approach: The ?rst is concrete and introductory, whereas the second is more abstract. Thus, the ?rst chapter on Euclid is about straightedge and compass constructions; the second is about axioms and theorems. The ?rst chapter on linear algebra is about coordinates; the second is about vector spaces and the inner product.

Recenzje

From the reviews:

"This is an introductory book on geometry, easy to read, written in an engaging style. The author's goal is ... to increase one's overall understanding and appreciation of the subject. ... Along the way, he presents elegant proofs of well-known theorems ... . The advantage of the author's approach is clear: in a short space he gives a brief introduction to many sides of geometry and includes many beautiful results, each explained from a perspective that makes it easy to understand." (Robin Hartshorne, SIAM Review, Vol. 48 (2), 2006)

"The pillars of the title are ... Euclidean construction and axioms, coordinates and vectors, projective geometry, and transformations and non-Euclidean geometry. ... The writing style is both student-friendly and deeply informed. The pleasing brevity of the book ... makes the book especially suitable as an instruction to geometry for the large and critically important population of undergraduate mathematics majors ... . Each chapter concludes with a well-written discussion section that combines history with glances at further results. There is a good selection of thought-provoking exercises." (R. J. Bumcrot, Mathematical Reviews, Issue 2006 e)

"The author acts on the assumption of four approaches to geometry: The axiomatic way, using linear Algebra, projective geometry and transformation groups. ... Each of the chapters closes with a discussion giving hints on further aspects and historical remarks. ... The book can be recommended to be used in undergraduate courses on geometry ... ." (F. Manhart, Internationale Mathematische Nachrichten, Issue 203, 2006)

"Any new mathematics textbook by John Stillwell is worth a serious look. Stillwell is the prolific author of more than half a dozen textbooks ... . I would not hesitate to recommend this text to any professor teaching a course in geometry who is more interested in providing a rapid survey of topics rather than an in-depth, semester-long, examination of any particular one." (Mark Hunacek, The Mathematical Gazette, Vol. 91 (521), 2007)

"The title refers to four different approaches to elementary geometry which according to the author only together show this field in all its splendor: via straightedge and compass constructions, linear algebra, projective geometry and transformation groups. ... the book can be recommended warmly to undergraduates to get in touch with geometric thinking." (G. Kowol, Monatshefte für Mathematik, Vol. 150 (3), 2007)

"This book presents a tour on various approaches to a notion of geometry and the relationship between these approaches. ... The book shows clearly how useful it is to use various tools in a description of basic geometrical questions to find the simplest and the most intuitive arguments for different problems. The book is a very useful source of ideas for high school teachers." (EMS Newsletter, March, 2007)

"The four pillars of geometry approaches geometry in four different ways, devoting two chapters to each, the first chapter being concrete and introductory, the second more abstract. ... The content is quite elementary and is based on lectures given by the author at the University of San Francisco in 2004. ... The book of Stillwell is a very good first introduction to geometry especially for the axiomatic and the projective point of view." (Yves Félix, Bulletin of the Belgian Mathematical Society, Vol. 15 (1), 2008)

Spis treści

Straightedge and compass.- Euclid’s approach to geometry.- Coordinates.- Vectors and Euclidean spaces.- Perspective.- Projective planes.- Transformations.- Non-Euclidean geometry.

O autorze

Geometry has something for everyone, and students will find themselves building on their strengths at times, and working to overcome weaknesses at other times. This new textbook demonstrates that geometry can be developed in four fundamentally different ways, and that all should be used if the subject is to be shown in all its splendor. Two chapters are devoted to each approach, the first being concrete and introductory, while the second is more abstract. The book contains more than 100 figures, and a large selection of exercises in each chapter.

Blurb

For two millennia the right way to teach geometry was the Euclidean approach, and in many respects, this is still the case. But in the 1950s the cry "Down with triangles!" was heard in France and new geometry books appeared, packed with linear algebra but with no diagrams. Was this the new right approach? Or was the right approach still something else, perhaps transformation groups?

The Four Pillars of Geometry approaches geometry in four different ways, spending two chapters on each. This makes the subject accessible to readers of all mathematical tastes, from the visual to the algebraic. Not only does each approach offer a different view; the combination of viewpoints yields insights not available in most books at this level. For example, it is shown how algebra emerges from projective geometry, and how the hyperbolic plane emerges from the real projective line.

The author begins with Euclid-style construction and axiomatics, then proceeds to linear algebra when it becomes convenient to replace tortuous arguments with simple calculations. Next, he uses projective geometry to explain why objects look the way they do, as well as to explain why geometry is entangled with algebra. And lastly, the author introduces transformation groups---not only to clarify the differences between geometries, but also to exhibit geometries that are unexpectedly the same.

All readers are sure to find something new in this attractive text, which is abundantly supplemented with figures and exercises. This book will be useful for an undergraduate geometry course, a capstone course, or a course aimed at future high school teachers.

John Stillwell is Professor of Mathematics at the University of San Francisco. He is the author of several highly regarded books published by Springer, including Elements of Number Theory (2003), Mathematics and Its History (Second Edition, 2002), Numbers and Geometry (1998) and Elements of Algebra (1994).