2. Argentina (Argentine Republic): Balancing centralization with federalism (Patricia Farah, Moritz Pepel & Ann Griffiths).
3. Australia (Commonwealth of Australia): Using innovation if a dual federation (Cheryl Saunders).
4. Austria (Federal Republic of Austria): Balancing distributed federalism with centralization (Peter Bußjäger with Christoph Schramek).
5. Belgium (Kingdom of Belguim): Federalism in two languages (Andres Lecours).
6. Bosnia and Herzegovina (The Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina): A country for two constituent units and three peoples (Dejan Vanjek).
7. Brazil (Federative Republic of Brazil): Federalism after centralization and new constitutions (Celina Souza).
8. Canada: Two languages, 10 provinces and Indigenous Peoples (David R. Cameron)
9. Comoros (Union of the Comoros): Three islands with three languages and a federal system (Ann Griffiths).
10. Cyprus (Republic of Cyprus): Seeking a federal solution for Greek and Turkish Cypriots (Neophytos Loizides).
11. Ethiopia (Federal Deomocratic Republic of Ethiopa): Regional states for democracy and rights for ethnicities (Asnake Kefale).
12. European Union: Evolving from a free trade area to a federation (Annegret Eppler).
13. Germany (Federal Republic of Germany): A federal system for unity, justice and freedom (Klaus Detterbeck).
14. India (Republic of India): Sharing power with state and local governments (Rekha Saxena).
15. Malaysia (The Federation of Malaysia): A centralized federation with challenged from the states (Francis Kok Wah Loh).
16. Mexico (Mexican United States): Centralization, innovation with resistance from the states (Daniel A. Barcelo Rojas).
17. Micronesia (Rederated States of Micronesia): Uniting a federation of 10 olanguages and 607 islands (Anna Dziedzic).
18. Nepal (Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal):From a centralized monarchy to a federal democratic republic (Surya Dhungel and Phillip Gonzalez).
19. Nigeria (Federal Republic of Nigeria): Reforming state and local governments, resisting restructuring (Olakunle Adeniran).
20. Pakistan (Islamic Republic of Pakistan): Governing a federation when one province has 57% of the population (Kaiser Bengali).
21. Russia (Russian Federation): Autonomy for a very few constituent units (Andrey Starodubtsev).
22. St. Kitts and Nevis (Federation of St. Kitts and Nevis): A federation with rules for succession (Ann L. Griffiths).
23. South Africa (Republic of South Africa): Reform, reduce and strengthen the provinces--or not? (Vinothan Naido).
24. Spain (Kingdom of Spain): A union of autonomous communities (Jose Tudela, Mario Kölling).
25. Switzerland (Swiss Confederation): Governing with 26 cantons, 4 languages and frequent referendums (Sean Mueller, Adrian Vatter).
26. United Arab Emirates: Centralization and prosperity before democracy (Julie M. Simmons).
27. United States of America: Polarization between Democratic and Republican states (John Kincaid).
28. Federal Constitution-Making Processes and the Stable Cessation of Conflict (Jason Gluck, Sumit Bisarya).
An Essay on Federalism by Sumit Bisarya and Jason Gluk
Ann Griffiths is a Research Fellow with the Centre for the Study of Security and Development and teaches part-time in the Department of Political Science at Dalhousie University, Canada. Her research and teaching interests include security and defence, human rights, peacebuilding, democratization and federalism.
Rupak Chattopadhyay is the CEO and President of the Forum of Federations in Canada. He did his doctoral work in Political Science at the University of Toronto, and his edited/co-edited collections include Dialogues on Diversity and Unity in Federal Countries (2009), Finance and Governance of Capital Cities in Federal System (2009) and Governance and Finance of Metropolitan Area in Federal Countries (2013).
John Light is the senior director of communications and publications at the Forum of Federations in Canada. He spent over a decade working at the Canadian Parliament and holds a BA in marketing and expertise in communications.
Carl Stieren is a writer and editor based in Ottawa, Canada. He has worked for the Forum of Federations for eight years as a writer and editor, and also serves as the Associate Editor of Federations magazine.
Federal models of government have shaped history and demonstrated how diverse people can live together and govern together in relative harmony. The Forum of Federations Handbook of Federal Countries 2020 builds on the previous 2005 edition and offers a much-needed update to this signature resource in comparative federalism. Outlining every federal country in the world, each chapter provides a brief yet comprehensive overview of the history of federalism in its specific country, the constitutional nature of federalism, and recent historical dynamics. As new countries have joined the Federal ranks, this handbook brings readers up to speed offering an authoritative look at both the older federal countries as well as new federal countries like Nepal. The Forum of Federations Handbook of Federal Countries 2020 is an essential resource for academics, researchers, university students, libraries, history and governance teachers, politicians and civil servants, and casual observers of federalism.
Ann Griffiths is Editor of the Canadian Naval Review
Rupak Chattopadhyay is CEO and President of the Forum of Federations, Canada
John Light is Senior Director of Communications at Forum of Federations, Canada
Carl Stieren is a writer and editor from Ottawa, Canada