The Esd Control Program Handbook

ISBN-13: 9781118311035 / Angielski / Twarda / 2020 / 544 str.

Smallwood, Jeremy M.

Opis

Modern ESD standards require the user to define their own ESD control program according to the needs of their facility and the components they handle. The user must have a good understanding of how static electricity works and can lead to electrostatic discharges occurring, in order to develop and maintain a successful ESD control program. This book gives the knowledge and background needed to do this. It is likely to be read by technicians and engineers working in electronic system manufacturing processes, QA or related activities. They will usually have little or no knowledge of ESD control and will often have been tasked to take care of ESD control alongside their main job function in the company. The book presents a brief history of ESD control in electronics manufacture, and describes static electricity and ESD principles such as triboelectrification, electrostatic fields and induced voltages. There is a section on how to avoid ESD. This understanding is particularly important, for example, in automated systems and handling very sensitive devices, when application of standard ESD measures "by rote" is not sufficient. Readers must have the understanding to track down and recognize how ESD risks are arising in these situations, and be able to identify the most appropriate means of reducing or removing these risks. The next chapter is on ESD sensitive devices (ESDS), including susceptibility tests and on-chip protection and trends. The middle chapters discuss the seven habits of a highly effective ESD program. It demonstrates how to handle ESD sensitive components within an ESD Protected Area (EPA), protect devices outside the EPA using ESD packaging, and check and test to make sure everything's working. The book also covers: automated systems; handling unusually sensitive components; clean manufacturing areas; common ESD program measurements; auditing and evaluating the ESD control program; and ESD control standards IEC61340-5-1 and ESD S20:20, including the key requirements of the standards and how to tailor the requirements of the ESD program.

Spis treści

IntroductionForewordPrefaceAcknowledgements1 Definitions and Terminology1.1 Scientific notation and SI unit prefixes1.2 Charge, electrostatic fields and voltage1.2.1 Charge1.2.2 Ions1.2.3 Dissipation and neutralization of electrostatic charge1.2.4 Voltage (potential)1.2.5 Electric or electrostatic field1.2.6 Gauss's Law1.2.7 Electrostatic attraction (ESA)1.2.8 Permittivity1.3 Electric current1.4 Electrostatic discharge (ESD)1.4.1 ESD Models1.4.2 ElectroMagnetic Interference (EMI)1.5 Earthing, grounding and equipotential bonding1.6 Power and Energy1.7 Resistance, resistivity and conductivity1.7.1 Resistance1.7.2 Resistivity and conductivity1.7.2.1 Surface resistivity and surface resistance1.7.2.2 Volume resistance, volume resistivity and conductivity1.7.3 Insulators, conductors, conductive, dissipative and antistatic materials1.7.4 Point to point resistance1.7.5 Resistance to ground1.7.6 Combination of resistances1.8 Capacitance1.9 Shielding1.10 Dielectric breakdown strength1.11 Relative humidity and dew pointReferences2 The principles of static electricity and electrostatic discharge (ESD) control2.1 Overview2.2 Contact charge generation (triboelectrification)2.2.1 The polarity and magnitude of charging2.3 Electrostatic charge build-up and dissipation2.3.1 A simple electrical model of electrostatic charge build-up2.3.2 Capacitance is variable2.3.3 Charge decay time2.3.4 Conductors and insulators revisited2.3.5 The effect of relative humidity2.4 Conductors in electrostatic fields2.4.1 Voltage on conducting and insulating bodies and surfaces2.4.2 Electrostatic field in practical situations2.4.3 Faraday cage2.4.4 Induction: An isolated conductive object attains a voltage when in an electric field2.4.1 Induction charging: An object can become charged by grounding it2.4.2 Faraday pail and shielding of charges within a closed object2.5 Electrostatic discharges2.5.1 ESD (sparks) between conducting objects2.5.2 ESD from insulating surfaces2.5.3 Corona discharge2.5.4 Other types of discharge2.6 Common electrostatic discharge sources2.6.1 ESD from the human body2.6.2 ESD from charged conductive objects2.6.3 Charged device ESD2.6.4 ESD from a charged board2.6.5 ESD from a charged module2.6.6 ESD from charged cables2.7 Electronic models of ESD2.8 Electrostatic attraction (ESA)2.8.1 ESA and particle contamination2.8.2 Neutralisation of surface voltages by air ions2.8.3 Ionisers2.8.4 Rate of charge neutralisation2.8.5 The region of effective charge neutralisation around an ioniser2.8.6 Ioniser balance and charging of a surface by an unbalanced ioniser2.9 Electromagnetic interference (EMI)2.10 How to avoid ESD damage of components2.10.1 The circumstances leading to ESD damage of a component2.10.2 Risk of ESD damage2.10.3 The principles of ESD controlReferencesBibliography3 ESD sensitive devices (ESDS)3.1 What are ESD sensitive devices?3.2 Measuring ESD Susceptibility3.2.1 Modelling electrostatic discharges3.2.2 Standard ESD susceptibility tests3.2.3 ESD withstand voltage3.2.4 Human Body Model component susceptibility test3.2.5 System level Human Body ESD susceptibility test3.2.6 Machine Model component susceptibility test3.2.7 Charged Device Model component susceptibility test3.2.8 Comparison of test methods3.2.9 Failure criteria used in ESD susceptibility test3.2.10 Transmission line pulse techniques3.2.11 The relation between ESD withstand voltage and ESD damage3.2.12 Trends in component ESD test3.3 ESD susceptibility of components3.3.1 Introduction3.3.2 Latent failures3.3.3 Built-in on-chip ESD protection and ESD protection targets3.3.4 ESD sensitivity of typical components3.3.5 Discrete devices3.3.6 The effect of scaling3.3.7 Package effects3.4 Some common types of ESD damage3.4.1 Failure mechanisms3.4.2 Breakdown of thin dielectric layers3.4.3 MOSFETs3.4.4 Susceptibility to electrostatic fields and breakdown between closely spaced conductors3.4.5 Semiconductor junctions3.4.6 Field effect structures and non-conductive device lids3.4.7 Piezoelectric crystals3.4.8 Light emitting diodes3.4.9 Magnetoresistive heads3.4.10 MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS)3.4.11 Burnout of device conductors or resistors3.4.12 Passive components3.4.13 Printed circuit boards and assemblies3.4.14 Modules and system components3.5 System level ESD3.5.1 Introduction3.5.2 The relationship between system level immunity and component ESD withstand3.5.3 Charged cable ESD (Cable Discharge Events)3.5.4 System-Efficient ESD Design (SEED)ReferencesBibliography4.1 Why habits?4.2 The basis of ESD protection4.3 What is an ESDS?4.4 Habit 1: Always handle ESD sensitive components within an ESD Protected Area (EPA)4.4.1 What is an EPA?4.4.2 Defining the EPA boundary4.4.3 Marking the EPA boundary4.4.4 What is an insignificant level of ESD risk?4.4.5 What are the sources of ESD risk?4.4.6 What ESD protection measures are needed in the EPA?4.4.7 Who will decide what ESD protection measures are required?4.5 Habit 2: Where possible avoid use of insulators near ESDS4.5.1 What is an insulator?4.5.2 Essential and non-essential insulators4.5.3 Remove non-essential insulators from the vicinity of ESDS4.6 Habit 3: Reduce ESD risks from essential insulators4.6.1 What is an insulator?4.6.1 Insulators cannot be grounded4.6.2 What to do about ESD risk from essential insulators4.6.3 Using ionisers to reduce charge levels on insulators4.7 Habit 4: Ground conductors, especially people4.7.1 What is a conductor?4.7.2 Conductive, dissipative or insulative?4.7.3 Properties of a conductor4.7.4 Charge and voltage decay time4.7.5 The importance of material contact resistance in protecting ESDS4.7.6 Safety considerations4.7.7 Elimination of ESD by grounding and equipotential bonding4.7.8 Understanding the grounding (earth) system4.7.9 Grounding personnel handling ESDS4.7.10 Grounding ESD control equipment4.7.11 What if a conductor cannot be grounded?4.8 Habit 5: Protect ESDS using ESD packaging4.8.1 Don't take ordinary packaging materials into an EPA4.8.2 The basic functions of ESD packaging4.8.3 Only open ESD packaging within an EPA4.8.4 Don't put papers or other unsuitable material in a package with an ESDS4.9 Habit 6: Train personnel to know how to use ESD control equipment and procedures4.9.1 Why train people?4.9.2 Who needs ESD training?4.9.3 What training do they need?4.9.4 Refresher training4.10 Habit 7: Check and test to make sure everything's working4.10.1 Why do we need to check and test?4.10.2 What needs to be tested?4.10.3 ESD control product qualification4.10.4 ESD control product or system compliance verification4.10.5 Test methods and pass criteria4.10.6 How often should ESD control items be tested?4.11 The seven habits and ESD standards4.12 Handling very sensitive devices4.13 Controlling other ESD sourcesReferencesBibliography5 Automated systems5.1 What makes automated handling and assembly different?5.2 Conductive, static dissipative and insulative materials5.3 Safety and AHE5.4 Understanding ESD sources and risks5.5 A strategy for ESD control5.5.1 General principles of ESD control in AHE5.5.2 The conditions leading to ESD damage5.5.3 Strategies for ESD control in automated equipment5.5.4 Qualification of ESD control measures5.5.5 Compliance verification of ESD control measures5.5.6 ESD training implications5.5.7 Modification of existing AHE5.6 Determination and implementation of ESD control measures in AHE5.6.1 Define the critical path of ESDS5.6.2 Examine the critical path and identify ESD risks5.6.3 Determine appropriate ESD control measures5.6.4 Include ESD control in new equipment specification5.6.5 Document the ESD control measures used in the machine5.6.6 Implement maintenance and compliance verification of ESD control measures5.7 Materials, techniques and equipment used for ESD control in AHE5.7.1 Grounding all conductors that make contact with ESDS5.7.2 Isolated conductors5.7.3 Preventing induced voltages on ESDS5.7.4 Reducing tribocharging of ESDS5.7.5 Using resistive contact materials to limit charged device ESD current5.7.6 Anodisation5.7.7 Bearings5.7.8 Conveyor belts5.7.9 Using ionisers to reduce charge levels on ESDS, essential insulators and isolated conductors5.7.10 Vacuum pickers5.8 ESD protective packaging5.9 Measurements in AHE5.9.1 Overview of measurements in AHE5.9.2 Resistance measurements5.9.3 Electrostatic field and voltage measurements5.9.4 Charge measurements5.9.5 Measurement of the voltage decay time and offset voltage due to neutralization by an ionizer5.9.6 ESD current measurements5.9.7 Detection of ESD using EMI detectors5.1 Handling very sensitive componentsReferencesBibliography6 ESD control standards6.1 Introduction6.2 The development of ESD control standards6.3 Who writes the standards?6.4 The IEC and ESDA standards6.4.1 Standards numbering6.4.2 The language of standards6.4.3 Definitions used in standards6.5 Requirements of IEC61340-5-1 and ANSI/ESD S20.20 standards6.5.1 Background6.5.2 Documentation and planning6.5.3 Technical basis of the ESD control program6.5.4 Personal safety6.5.5 ESD Coordinator6.5.6 Tailoring the ESD program6.5.7 The ESD Program Plan6.5.8 Training Plan6.5.9 Product Qualification Plan6.5.10 Compliance Verification Plan6.5.11 Test methods6.5.12 ESD Control Program Plan technical requirements6.5.13 ESD Packaging6.5.14 MarkingReferencesBibliography7 Selection, use, care and maintenance of equipment and materials for ESD control7.1 Introduction7.1.1 Selection and qualification of equipment7.1.2 Use7.1.3 Cleaning, care and maintenance of equipment7.1.4 Compliance verification7.2 ESD control earth (ground)7.2.1 What does the ESD control earth do?7.2.2 Choosing an ESD control earth7.2.3 Qualification of ESD control earth7.2.4 Compliance verification of ESD control earth7.2.5 Common problems with ground connections7.3 The ESD control floor7.3.1 What does an ESD control floor do?7.3.2 Permanent ESD control floor material7.3.3 Semi-permanent or non-permanent ESD control floor materials7.3.4 Selection of floor materials7.3.5 Floor material qualification test7.3.6 Acceptance of a floor installation7.3.7 Use of floor materials7.3.8 Care and maintenance of floors7.3.9 Compliance verification test7.3.10 Common problems7.4 Earth bonding7.4.1 The role of earth bonding points7.4.2 Selection of earth bonding points7.4.3 Qualification of earth bonding points7.4.4 Use of earth bonding points7.4.5 Compliance verification of earth bonding points7.5 Personal grounding7.5.1 What is the purpose of personal grounding?7.5.2 Personal grounding and electrical safety7.5.3 Wrist straps7.5.4 Footwear and flooring grounding7.5.5 Grounding via ESD control seating7.5.1 Personal grounding via an ESD garment7.6 Work surfaces7.6.1 What does a work surface do?7.6.2 Types of work surfaces7.6.3 Selection of a work surface7.6.4 Workstation qualification test7.6.5 Acceptance of work surfaces7.6.6 Cleaning and maintenance of work surfaces7.6.7 Compliance verification test of work surfaces7.6.8 Common problems7.7 Storage racks and shelves7.7.1 Should it be an EPA rack or shelf?7.7.2 Selection, care and maintenance of racks and shelves7.7.3 Qualification test of EPA shelves and racks7.7.4 Acceptance of shelves and racks7.7.5 Cleaning and maintenance of shelves and racks7.7.6 Compliance verification test of shelves and racks7.7.7 Common problems7.8 Trolleys, carts and mobile equipment7.8.1 Types of trolleys, carts and mobile equipment7.8.2 Selection, care and maintenance of trolleys, carts and mobile equipment7.8.3 Qualification of trolleys, carts and mobile equipment7.8.4 Compliance verification of trolleys, carts and mobile equipment7.8.5 Common problems7.9 Seats7.9.1 What is an ESD control seat for?7.9.2 Types of ESD seating7.9.3 Selection of seating7.9.4 Qualification test of seating7.9.5 Cleaning and maintenance of seating7.9.6 Compliance verification test of seating7.9.7 Common problems7.9.8 Personal grounding via ESD control seating7.10 Ionisers7.10.1 What does an ioniser do?7.10.2 Ion sources7.10.3 Types of ioniser system7.10.4 Selection of ionisers7.10.5 Qualification test of ionisers7.10.6 Cleaning and maintenance of ionisers7.10.7 Compliance verification test of ionisers7.10.8 Common problems7.11 ESD control garments7.11.1 What does an ESD control garment do?7.11.2 Types of ESD control garments7.11.3 Selection of ESD control garments7.11.4 Qualification test of ESD control garments7.11.5 Use of ESD control garments7.11.6 Cleaning and maintenance of ESD control garments7.11.7 Compliance verification of ESD control garments7.11.8 Personal grounding via an ESD garment7.12 Hand tools7.12.1 Why have ESD hand tools?7.12.2 Types of hand tool7.12.3 Qualification test of hand tools7.12.4 Use of hand tools7.12.5 Compliance verification test of hand tools7.12.6 Common problems with ESD control hand tools7.13 Soldering or desoldering irons7.13.1 ESD control issues with soldering or desoldering irons7.13.2 Qualification of soldering irons7.13.3 Compliance verification of soldering irons7.14 Gloves and finger cots7.14.1 Why have gloves and finger cots?7.14.2 Types of gloves and finger cots7.14.3 Selection of gloves or finger cots for ESD control7.14.4 Qualification test of gloves and finger cots7.14.5 Cleaning and maintenance of gloves7.14.6 Compliance verification test of gloves and finger cots7.14.7 Common problems with gloves and finger cots7.15 Marking of ESD control equipmentReferencesBibliography8 ESD control packaging8.1 Why is packaging important in ESD control?8.2 Packaging functions8.3 ESD control packaging terminology8.3.1 Terminology in general usage8.1 ESD packaging properties8.1.1 Triboelectric charging8.1.2 Surface resistance8.1.3 Volume resistance8.1.4 Electrostatic field shielding8.1.5 ESD shielding8.2 Use of ESD protective packaging8.2.1 The importance of ESD packaging properties8.2.2 Packaging used within the EPA8.2.3 Packaging used to protect ESDS outside the EPA8.2.4 Packaging used for non-ESD susceptible items8.2.5 Avoiding charged cables and modules8.3 Materials and processes used in ESD protective packaging8.3.1 Introduction8.3.2 Antistats, pink polythene and low charging materials8.3.1 Static dissipative and conductive polymers8.3.2 Intrinsically conductive or dissipative polymers8.3.3 Metallised film8.3.4 Anodised aluminium8.3.5 Vacuum forming of filled polymers8.3.6 Injection moulding8.3.7 Embossing8.3.8 Vapour deposition8.3.9 Surface coating8.3.10 Lamination8.4 Types and forms of ESD protective packaging8.4.1 Bags8.4.2 Bubble wrap8.4.3 Foam8.4.4 Boxes, trays and PCB racks8.4.5 Tape and reel8.4.1 Sticks (tubes)8.4.2 Self-adhesive tapes and labels8.5 Packaging standards8.5.1 ESD control and protection packaging standards8.5.2 Moisture barrier packaging standards8.5.3 ESD control packaging measurements8.6 How to select an appropriate packaging system8.6.1 Introduction8.6.2 Customer requirements8.6.3 What is the form of the ESDS?8.6.4 ESD threats and ESD susceptibility8.6.5 The intended packaging task8.6.6 Evaluate the operational environment for the packaging8.6.7 Selecting the ESD packaging type and ESD protective functions8.6.8 Testing the packaging system8.7 Marking of ESD protective packagingReferencesBibliography9 How to evaluate an ESD Control Program9.1 Introduction9.2 Evaluation of ESD risks9.2.1 Sources of ESD risk9.2.2 Evaluation of ESD susceptibility of components and assemblies 29.3 Evaluating process capability based on HBM, MM and CDM data9.3.1 Process capability evaluation9.3.2 Human body ESD and manual handling processes9.3.3 ESD risk due to ungrounded conductors9.3.4 Charged device ESD risks9.3.5 Damage to voltage sensitive structures such as a capacitor or a MOSFET gate9.3.6 Evaluating ESD risk from electrostatic fields9.3.7 Troubleshooting9.4 Evaluating ESD protection needs9.4.1 Standard ESD control precautions do not necessarily address all ESD risks9.4.2 Evaluating return on investment for ESD protection measures9.4.3 What is the maximum acceptable resistance to ground?9.4.4 Should there be a minimum resistance to ground?9.4.5 ESD from charged tools9.4.6 Use of gloves or finger cots9.4.7 Charged cable ESD9.4.8 Charged board ESD9.4.9 Charged module or assembly ESD9.5 Evaluation of cost effectiveness of the ESD control program9.5.1 The cost of an inadequate ESD control program9.5.2 The benefit arising from of the ESD control program9.5.3 Evaluation of the cost of an ESD control program9.5.4 Return on investment (ROI) in ESD control9.5.5 Optimising an ESD control program9.6 Evaluation of compliance of an ESD control program with a standard9.6.1 Two steps to compliance evaluation9.6.2 Using checklists to evaluate compliance of documentation with a standard9.6.3 Evaluation of compliance of a facility with the ESD control program9.6.4 Common ProblemsReferences10 How to develop an ESD control program10.1 What do we need for a successful ESD control program?10.1.1 The ESD control strategy10.1.2 How to develop an ESD control program10.1.3 Safety and ESD control10.2 The EPA10.2.1 Where do I need an EPA?10.2.2 Boundaries and signage10.3 What are the sources of ESD risk in the EPA?10.4 How to determine appropriate ESD measures10.4.1 ESD control principles10.4.2 Select convenient ways of working10.5 Documentation of ESD procedures10.5.1 What should the documentation cover?10.5.2 Writing an ESD Control Program Plan that is compliant with a standard10.5.3 Introduction section10.5.4 Scope10.5.5 Terms and definitions10.5.6 Personal safety10.5.7 ESD Control Program10.5.8 ESD Program Plan10.5.9 ESD Training Plan10.5.10 ESD control product qualification10.5.11 Compliance verification plan10.5.12 ESD Program Technical requirements10.5.13 ESD Protected areas10.5.14 ESD protective packaging10.5.15 Marking of ESD related items10.5.16 References10.6 Evaluating ESD protection needs10.7 Optimising the ESD control program10.7.1 Costs and benefits of ESD control10.7.2 Strategies for optimisation10.8 Considerations for specific areas of the facility10.8.1 The varying ESD control requirements of different areas10.8.2 Goods In and Stores10.8.3 Kitting10.8.4 Despatch10.8.5 Test10.8.6 Research and development10.9 Update and improvement11 ESD Measurements11.1 Introduction11.2 Standard measurements11.3 Product qualification or compliance verification?11.3.1 Measurement methods for Product Qualification11.3.2 Measurement methods for Compliance Verification11.4 Environmental conditions11.5 Summary of the standard test methods and their applications11.6 Measurement equipment11.6.1 Choosing a resistance meter for high resistance measurements11.6.2 Low resistance meter for soldering iron grounding test11.6.3 Resistance measurement electrodes11.6.4 Concentric ring electrodes for packaging surface and volume resistance measurement11.6.5 Two-point probe for packaging surface resistance measurements11.6.6 Footwear test electrode11.6.7 Hand-held electrode11.6.8 Tool test electrode11.6.9 Metal plate electrode for volume resistance measurements11.6.10 Insulating supports11.6.11 ESD ground connectors11.6.12 Electrostatic field meters and voltmeters11.6.13 Charge Plate Monitors (CPM)11.7 Common problems with measurements11.7.1 Humidity11.7.2 Accidental measurement of parallel paths11.8 Standard measurements specified by IEC 61340-5-1 and ANSI/ESD S20.2011.8.1 Resistance to ground11.8.2 Point to point resistance11.8.3 Personal grounding equipment tests11.8.4 Surface resistance of packaging materials11.8.5 Volume resistance of packaging materials11.8.6 ESD Shielding of bags11.8.7 Evaluation of ESD Shielding of packaging systems11.8.8 Measurement of ioniser decay time and offset voltage11.8.9 Walk test of footwear and flooring11.9 Useful measurements not specified by IEC 61340-5-1 and ESD S20.2011.9.1 Electrostatic fields and voltages11.9.2 Measurement of electric fields at the position of the ESDS11.9.3 Measurement of surface voltages on large objects using an electrostatic field meter calibrated as a surface voltmeter11.9.4 Measurement of voltage on devices or small conductors11.9.5 Resistance of tools11.9.6 Resistance of soldering irons11.9.7 Resistance of gloves or finger cots11.9.8 Charge decay measurements11.9.9 Faraday pail measurement of charge on an object11.9.10 ESD event detectionReferencesBibliography12 ESD Training12.1 Why do we need ESD training?12.2 Training planning12.3 Who needs training?12.4 Training form and content12.4.1 Training goals12.4.2 Initial training12.4.3 Refresher training12.4.4 Training methods12.4.5 Supporting information12.4.6 Training considerations12.4.7 Public tutorials and courses12.4.8 Qualifications and Certification12.4.9 National and International ESD groups and electrostatics interest organisations12.4.10 Conferences12.4.11 Books, articles and online resources12.5 Electrostatic and ESD theory12.5.1 The pro's and con's of theory12.5.2 A technical and non-technical explanation of electrostatic charging12.6 Demonstrations of ESD control related issues12.6.1 The role of demonstrations12.6.2 Demonstrating real ESD damage12.6.3 The cost of ESD damage12.7 Electrostatic demonstrations12.7.1 The value of electrostatic demonstrations12.7.2 The pro's and con's of demonstrations12.7.3 Useful equipment for demonstrations12.7.4 Showing how easy it is to generate electrostatic charge12.7.5 Understanding electrostatic fields12.7.6 Understanding charge and voltage12.7.7 Tribocharging12.7.8 Production of ESD12.7.9 Equipotential bonding and grounding12.7.10 Induction charging12.7.11 ESD on demand - the "perpetual ESD generator"12.7.12 Body voltage and personal grounding12.7.13 Charge generation and electrostatic field shielding of bags12.7.14 Insulators cannot be grounded12.7.15 Neutralising charge - Charge decay and voltage offset of ionisers12.8 Evaluation12.8.1 The need for evaluation12.8.2 Practical test12.8.3 Written tests12.8.4 Pass criteriaReferencesBibliography13 The future13.1 General trends13.2 ESD withstand voltage trends13.2.1 Integrated circuit ESD withstand voltage trends13.2.2 Other component ESD withstand voltage trends13.2.3 Availability of ESD withstand voltage data13.2.4 Device ESD withstand test13.3 ESD control programs and process controls13.3.1 ESD control program development strategies13.3.2 Human body ESD13.3.3 ESD between ESDS and conductive items13.3.4 Charged board, module and cable discharge events13.3.5 Optimisation13.4 Standards13.5 ESD control equipment and materials13.5.1 ESD control materials13.5.2 ESD protective packaging13.6 ESD related measurements13.6.1 ESD protective packaging measurements13.6.2 Voltage measurement on ESDS and ungrounded conductors13.6.3 Measurements related to ESD risk in automated handling equipment13.7 System ESD immunity13.8 Education and trainingReferencesBibliographyAppendix A. An example draft ESD control programA. ESD program plan at XXX LTDA.1 IntroductionA.2 ScopeA.3 Terms and definitionsA.4 Personal safetyA.5 ESD control programA.5.1 ESD control program requirementsA.5.2 ESD CoordinatorA.5.3 Tailoring ESD control requirementsA.6 ESD control program technical requirementsA.6.1 ESD groundA.6.2 Personal groundingA.6.3 ESD Protected Areas (EPA)A.6.4 ESD protective packagingA.6.5 Marking of ESD related itemsA.7 Compliance verification planA.8 ESD training planA.8.1 General requirements of the ESD Training PlanA.8.2 Training recordsA.8.3 Training content and frequencyA.9 ESD control product qualificationA.10 ESD control program referencesReferences

O autorze

Jeremy Smallwood, Electrostatic Solutions Ltd, UK
Jeremy spent 7 years as an electronics designer before changing direction to do a PhD researching measurement of electrostatic discharge (ESD) ignition sensitivity of pyrotechnic materials. He later worked at ERA Technology Ltd. on electrostatics R&D projects and consultancy. In 1998 he started Electrostatic Solutions Ltd, specialising in training, consultancy, test and R&D for the electronics industry, electrostatic hazards avoidance, and electrostatic materials, test and measurement and applications development. Jeremy has over 40 publications in the fields of electrostatics, ESD ignition hazards and ESD prevention. He contributes to British Standards panels on handling of electrostatic sensitive devices and control of undesirable static electricity. Between 2000 and 2012 he was Chairman of International Electrotechnical Commission Technical Committee 101 (Electrostatics) responsible for world standards in electrostatics and ESD control for the electronics industry. He is a UK expert working on the IEC project team developing the 61340–5–1 standard for ESD control.