Introduction: the emergence of modern retailing, 1750-1950, Nicholas alexander, Gary Akehurst. Consumer-owned community flour and bread societies in the 18th and early 19th centuries, Joshua Bambield; changes in provincial retail practice during the 18th century, with particular reference to central-southern England, Christina Fowler; stocking the store - co-operative retailers in north-east England and systems of wholesale supply, circa 1860-77, Martin Purvis; structural and spatial trends in British retailing - the importance of firm-level studies, Gareth Shaw et al; the municipal store - adaptation and development in the retail markets of 19th century urban Lancashire, Deborah Hodson; retailing history as economic and cultural history -strategies of survival by specialist tobacconists in the mass market, Matthew Hilton; the fascist disciplining of the Italian retail sector, 1922-40, Jonathan Morris.