The Drug Paradox: An Introduction to the Sociology of Psychoactive Substances in Canada

ISBN-13: 9781773380520 / Angielski

Tara Bruno;Rick Csiernik

Opis

Why are some drugs considered socially acceptable while others are demonized? In Canada today, drugs are viewed as both beneficial and problematic, and there is no definitive agreement on what should be done to address drug use. The Drug Paradox examines both the empirically founded and socially constructed nature of drugs and drug use. In their exploration of the drug paradox, the authors discuss how the punitive approach to drug use in Canada continues to exist alongside strategies of harm reduction, though this only impedes Canada's ability to deal effectively with substance misuse.

Spis treści

• Preface
• Acknowledgements
• Chapter 1: The Drug Paradox: Canada’s Conflicting Approaches to Drugs and Drug Users
• 1.1 What Is the Drug Paradox?
• 1.2 Defining the Core Concepts
• 1.3 The Social Reality of Drugs and Drug Use
• Chapter 2: The History and Politics of Canada’s Drug Laws
• 2.1 Prohibition Era
• 2.2 The Opium Act (1908)
• 2.3 Proprietary or Patent Medicines Act (1908)
• 2.4 The Opium and Drug Act (1911)
• 2.5 The Opium and Narcotic Drug Act (1929)
• 2.6 The Narcotic Control Act (1961)
• 2.7 Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (1996)
• 2.8 Marihuana for Medical Purposes Regulations (2013)
• 2.9 Access to Cannabis for Medicinal Purposes Regulations (2016)
• 2.10 A Framework for the Legalization and Regulation of Cannabis in Canada (2016
• 2.11 Conclusion
• Chapter 3: Explaining Substance Use I: Biological and Psychological Theories
• 3.1 The Moral Model versus the Medical Model
• 3.2 Biological Explanations
• Nature and Drive Theories
• Genetic Theories
• Neurobiological Theories
• 3.3 Psychological Explanations
• Personality Theories
• BehaviouralTheories
• Psychopathology
• 3.4 Conclusion
• Chapter 4: Explaining Substance Use II: Sociological Theories
• 4.1 Control Theories
• Social Bonding Theory
• Self-Control Theory
• 4.2 Strain Theories
• Anomie/Strain Theory
• General Strain Theory
• 4.3 Subcultural Theories
• Labelling Theory
• Differential Association Theory
• Social Learning Theory (Differential Association-Reinforcement Theory)
• 4.4 Integrated Explanations of Substance Use
• Differential Opportunity Theory
• Drift Theory
• Routine Activities and Lifestyle Theories
• 4.5 Conflict Theories
• Marxian Conflict Theory
• Pluralist Conflict Theory
• 4.6 Postmodern Explanations
• Normalization Thesis
• Foucault and Biopower
• 4.7 Conclusion
• Chapter 5: Classifying Drugs: Psychopharmacological Properties and Legal Classifications
• 5.1 What is Psychopharmacology and Why Does It Matter to Sociologists?
• 5.2 Opioids (Narcotics)
• Natural Opioids
• Semi-Synthetic Opioids
• Synthetic Opioids
• Legal Classification and Penalties for Opioids
• 5.3 Depressants
• Alcohol
• Barbiturates
• Benzodiazepines
• Inhalants/Solvents
• Legal Classification and Penalties for Depressants
• 5.4 Stimulants
• Cocaine
• Amphetamines (including Methamphetamine)
• Nicotine
• Caffeine
• Legal Classification and Penalties for Stimulants
• 5.5 Hallucinogens
• Natural Hallucinogens
• Semi-Synthetic Hallucinogens
• Synthetic Hallucinogens
• Legal Classification and Penalties for Hallucinogens
• 5.6 Cannabis (Marijuana)
• Legal Classification and Penalties for Cannabis
• 5.7 Psychotherapeutic Agents and Performance-Enhancing Drugs
• Psychotherapeutic Agents
• Performance-Enhancing Drugs
• Legal Classification and Penalties for Psychotherapeutic Agents and Performance-Enhancing
• Drugs
• 5.8 The Problem with Drug Effects and Legal Classifications
• Chapter 6: The Socially Constructed Problem of Drugs and Drug Users
• 6.1 Bath Salts
• 6.2 Ecstasy
• 6.3 Crystal Meth
• 6.4 Cocaine
• 6.5 Prescription Stimulants: Attention-Enhancing Prescription Drugs
• 6.6 Cannabis
• 6.7 Solvents/Inhalants
• 6.8 Prescription Opioids
• 6.9 Heroin
• 6.10 Hallucinogens
• 6.11 Bringing Together the Objective and Subjective Realities
• Chapter 7: Studying Substance Use
• 7.1 Population-based Studies
• International Studies
• National Studies
• Provincial/Regional Studies
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Population-based Studies
• 7.2 Field-based Studies
• In-Depth Interviews
  Ethnographies
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Field-based Studies
• 7.3 Clinical Population Studies
• Treatment Studies
• Correctional Populations
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Clinical Population Studies
• 7.4 Indigenous Methodological Approaches
• 7.5 Conclusion
• Chapter 8: Demographic Correlates of Substance Use in Canada
• 8.1 General Prevalence Rates of Substance Use in Canada
• 8.2 Demographic Correlates
• Age
• Sex
• Ethnicity and Race
• Socioeconomic Status (SES)
• Geographic Location
• 8.3 Conclusion
• Chapter 9: Relational Correlates of Substance Use in Canada: Peers and Families
• 9.1 Peer Influences
• Perceived Peer Use versus Actual Peer Use
• Social Activities and Peers
• Selection of Peers
• Intimate Partners
• 9.2 Families
• Sibling Influence
• Parental Influences
• Parental Substance Use
• 9.3 Conclusion
• Chapter 10: Prevention Strategies for Drugs and Potential Drug Users in Education
• 10.1 Types of Prevention in Education
• Universal Prevention
• Selective Prevention
• Indicated Prevention
• 10.2 Drug Education in Schools
• 10.3 Models of Drug Education
• Information/Knowledge Models
• Values/Decision-Making Models
• Social Competency Models
• Harm Minimization/Harm Reduction Models
• 10.4 Drug Educators: Teachers and Police
• 10.5 Ontario: The Case of Failed Drug Education
• 10.6 Future of Drug Education: The Good and the Bad
• Chapter 11: Legal Responses to Drugs and Drug Users
• 11.1 Prohibition
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Prohibition
• 11.2 Decriminalization
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Decriminalization
• 11.3 Legalization
• Free-Market Legalization
• Limited-Distribution Legalization
• Medical Legalization
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Legalization
• 11.4 Conclusion
• Chapter 12: International Drug Policies
• 12.1 International Drug Conventions
• 12.2 Punitive Policies
• Russia
• China
• Iran
• 12.3 Pragmatic Policies
• Portugal
• Netherlands
• Uruguay
• 12.4 Conclusion
• Chapter 13: Canada’s Drug Policies
• 13.1 Advocates for Punitive Approaches
• 13.2 Advocates for Pragmatic Approaches
• 13.3 What is the Official Approach to Drugs and Drug Use in Canada?
• 13.4 The Missing Component in Canada’s Current National Anti-Drug Strategy: Harm Reduction
• 13.5 The Future
• References