The Concepts of Value: Foundations of Value Theory

ISBN-13: 9789401030953 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 479 str.

L. Aschenbrenner

Opis

The task of presenting for explicit view the store of appraisive terms our language affords has been undertaken in the conviction that it will be of interest not only to ethics and other philosophical studies but also to various areas of social science and linguistics. I have principally sought to do justice to the complexities of this vocabulary, the uses to which it is put, and the capacities its use reflects. I have given little thought to whether the inquiry was philosophical and whether it was being conducted in a philosophical manner. Foremost in my thoughts were the tasks that appeared to need doing, among them these: explicit attention was to be given to the vocabulary by means of which we say we commend, judge, appraise, or evaluate subjects and subject matters in our experience; it was to be segregated from other language at least for the purpose of study; the types of appraisive resources that are at hand in a language such as English were to be classified in some convincing and not too artificial manner; and an empirical standpoint was to be developed for a better view of appraisal, evaluation, and judging within the framework of other ways we have of responding to our surround ings such as appetition and emotion on one side and factual registering and theorizing about states of affairs on the other. Such an inquiry has never been undertaken in quite this manner before."

Spis treści

1. The Purpose of This Study.- 2. Overview of the Inquiry.- 3. Modes of Attending.- 4. The Instruments of Appraisal.- 5. Human Appraisives and General Appraisives.- 6. Definition and the Vocabulary of Appraisal.- 7. The Source and Habitat of Appraisive Terms.- 8. The Appraisives of Natural Languages.- 9. The Objectivity of Appraisals.- 10. The Reality of Value.- 11. Definition and the Understanding of Appraisives.- 12. Appraisive Creativity.- One: Procedures of Appraisal and Judgment.- 1.0 Satisfaction.- 2.0 Response.- 2.1 Appetitions.- (A) The Role of Appetition.- (B) The Ingredience of Appetitions.- (C) Subliminal and Manifest Appetitions.- (D) The Value of Appetition.- (E) The Object of Appetition.- 2.2 Direct Responses.- 2.21 Sympathic Responses.- 2.22 Dyspathic Responses.- (A) Appetitions and Responses.- (B) The Vocabulary of Emotion.- 2.3 Situational Affects.- 2.31 Affects of Causal Involvement.- 2.32 Cognitive Affects.- 2.4 Responsional Characterizations.- 3.0 Appraisal.- 3.1 General.- 3.11 Procedures of Appraisal.- 3.12 Appraisive Interest.- (A) The Gamut of Appraisal.- (B) Appraisal and Evaluation.- 3.13 Appraisive Outcomes.- 3.2 Appraisive Sequels.- 3.21 Action.- 3.22 Allocution.- 3.221 Prolocution.- 3.222 Oblocution.- 3.3 Higher Order Appraisives.- 4.0 Enactment.- 4.1 Commitment.- (A) Meaning of Terms.- (B) Commitment and the Explanation of Conduct.- (C) Generic Commitment.- (D) Self-Characterization.- (E) How We Discover Commitments.- 4.11 Active Commitment.- 4.12 Implicit Commitment.- 4.2 Ordainment.- 4.3 Honorifics.- 4.4 Appraisive Outlook.- 5.0 Moral Judgment.- 5.1 Moral Affects.- 5.2 Moral Involvements.- 5.21 Judgmental Processes.- Remonstrance.- Accusation.- Correction.- Intercession.- Inculpation.- Exculpation.- 5.22 Moral Outcomes and Sequels.- Outcomes.- Desert.- Decision.- Reprobation.- Remission.- Sequels: Performance of Duty.- Return.- Retribution.- Rectification.- (A) Moral Involvement and its Context.- (B) Moral Affects and Involvements.- 5.3 Justification.- 5.31 Justificatory Process.- 5.32 Appraisives of Justificatory Process.- Conclusion of Part One.- Two: The Characterization of Man.- (A) Explanation of Term.- (B) Characterisms.- 6.0 Intellectual Characterization.- 6.1 Intelligence.- 6.11 General.- 6.12 Acuity.- 6.13 Tenor.- 6.2 Judgment.- 6.21 Craft.- 6.22 Discrimination.- 6.23 Arbitrament.- 6.24 Counsel.- 6.3 Communication.- 6.31 Content of Expression.- 6.311 Signification.- 6.312 Veridiction.- 6.32 Manner of Expression.- 6.33 Informance.- 7.0 Behavioral Characterization.- 7.1 Figure.- 7.11 Physical Character.- 7.12 Dress.- 7.2 Motion.- 7.21 Movement.- 7.22 Locomotion.- 7.23 Agitation.- 7.3 Body Response.- 7.31 Viewing.- 7.32 Voicing.- 7.33 Facial Comportment.- 7.34 Communicant Gesture.- 7.35 Ingesting.- 7.36 Res Gestae.- 8.0 Diathetic Characterization.- 8.1 Emotive Tone and Temperament.- 8.11 Mood and Temper.- 8.111 Mood.- 8.112 Temper.- 8.12 La Condition Humaine.- 8.121 Happiness.- 8.122 Despair.- 8.123 Affliction.- 8.13 Temperament.- 8.2 Air, Bearing, Mien, Manner.- 8.21 Vivacity-Placidity.- 8.22 Confidence-Diffidence.- 8.23 Sincerity-Pretension.- 8.24 Presence.- 8.25 Gravity-Levity.- 8.3 Responsional Characterizations.- 9.0 Tendentive Characterization.- 9.1 Volitivity.- 9.2 Address and Engagement.- 9.21 Address.- 9.22 Engagement.- 9.3 Enterprise: Capability and Management.- 9.4 Situational Aids and Impediments.- 9.5 Tendentive Expression.- 9.6 Tendentive Outcome.- 10.0 Sex-Related Characterization.- 10.1 Sex-Related Differentiation.- 10.2 Amative Concern.- 10.3 Sexuality.- 10.4 Familial Concern.- 11.0 Sociative Characterization.- 11.01 Sociation.- 11.1 Conflict.- 11.11 Contention.- 11.111 Invasive Contention.- 11.112 Deceptive Contention.- 11.12 Contentional Expression.- 11.121 Denunciatory.- 11.122 Derisive.- 11.13 Issue of Conflict.- 11.2 Ascendancy.- 11.3 Accommodation.- 11.4 Covenance.- 12.0 Economic Characterization.- 12.1 Economic Value.- 12.2 Economic Conduct.- 12.21 Exchange.- 12.22 Acquisition.- 12.23 Possession.- 12.24 Provision.- 13.0 Communitive Characterization.- 13.1 Social Comportment.- 13.2 Social Status and Image.- 13.3 Social Repute and Reproach.- 13.4 Interclass and Factional Appraisives.- 13.5 Cultural Level or Order.- 13.6 The Community.- 13.7 Social Conformity, Conformity to Law.- 13.71 Appraisives of Ordinative Conformity.- 13.72 Appraisives of Commissive Conformity.- 14.0 Virtue and Vice.- 14.01 Moral Characterization.- (A) The Scheme of Characterization.- (B) The Relevance of Virtue and Vice.- (C) Meaning of Terms.- (D) Virtue and Vice: Functional and Appraisive.- 14.1 Intellectual Virtues and Vices.- 14.11 Virtues and Vices of Intelligence.- 14.12 Judgmental Virtues and Vices.- 14.13 Communicational Virtues and Vices.- 14.2 Constitutional Virtues and Vices.- 14.21 Behavioral Virtues and Vices.- 14.22 Diathetic Virtues and Vices.- 14.23 Tendentive Virtues and Vices.- 14.3 Social Virtues and Vices.- 14.31 Sex-Related Virtues and Vices.- 14.32 Economic Virtues and Vices.- 14.33 Communitive Virtues and Vices.- Roman Virtues — Christian Virtues.- 14.4 General and Ultimate Virtues and Vices.- (A) Generality and Ultimacy.- (B) The Virtues and Functions.- Three: General and Ultimate Appraisal.- 15.0 Commendation.- 15.1 Elicitives.- 15.2 Deservatives.- 15.3 Favoritives and Adversatives.- 15.4 Conformatives.- 15.41 Normatives.- 15.42 Maturatives.- 15.5 Estimatives.- 15.6 Ultimate Commendatives.- (A) The Recursion of Commendation.- (B) “Emotive Meaning”.- (C) Commendation.- (D) Recursion to Determinate Conditions.- (E) Recursion to Acts and Processes of Response.- (F) Recursion to Appraisal and Characterization.- (G) Recursion to Moral Judgment and Enactment.- 16.0 Absolute Valents.- Conclusion of Part Three.- Appendices.- Appendix A. Objects of the Intellect.- A1.0 Significance.- A2.0 Ponence.- A3.0 Inference.- Appendix B. Transcendentives.- B1.0 Religious Appraisives.- B2.0 Transcendental Intensives.- Appendix C. Aesthetic Appraisives.- C1.0 Aesthetic Powers.- C2.0 Aesthetic Characterization.- C3.0 General Aesthetic Appraisives.- Appendix D. Humoristic Appraisives.- Appendix E. Physical Appraisives.- E1.0 Material Appraisives.- E2.0 Environmental Adaptives.- E3.0 Gustatives.- Appendix F. General Metaphysical Appraisives.- F1.0 Metaphysical Appraisives.- F2.0 Magnitudinal Appraisives.- Appendix G. Operatives.- Appendix H. Higher Order Appraisives.- Appendix J. Negations.- Index to Concepts.- Index to Persons and Subject Matter.