The Concept of Discrimination in International Law: With Special Reference to Human Rights

ISBN-13: 9789024715251 / Angielski / Miękka / 1973 / 176 str.

E. W. Vierdag;Vierdag; E. W. Vierdag

Opis

This book was written as a dissertation for the Doctorate of Laws, University of Amsterdam. I am most grateful, first of all, to Professor A. J. P. Tammes, who acted as Promotor. Throughout my working at this study he managed to afford at the same time guidance, inspiration, and complete freedom. I have also benefited much from the suggestions and advice of Dr. Th. e. van Boven of the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Member of the U.N. Commission on Human Rights, who was a very helpful Co referent. In earlier stages of the work, the critical remarks by Mr. S. A. Kuipers, Dr. H. Meijers and Miss J. M. van Wouw were of great im portance to me. So was the experience of participating in the program of graduate studies of the Columbia University School of Law, in I968- I969. lowe gratitude to the Amsterdam Law Faculty for having offered this opportunity to me. I am indebted to Miss Sinja Alma for her transforming a chaotic manuscript into a neat typescript in a most capable and patient manner; to Miss E. D. ]. ]ongens for her assistance in sorting out the United Nations documentation; and to Howard S. Gold (Gersono vitch), who was so kind as to correct the faults in my English. Since I went on tinkering with the text I am to blame for all linguistic errors in it. The research for this study was concluded in October, I972."

Spis treści

I. Introduction.- One.- II. Equality and Inequality.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Equality and Inequality.- 3. Legal Equality and Inequality.- 4. The Rôle of Equality.- 5. Ambiguities of “Equality”.- 6. “Formal” and “Material” Equality; Equality “before” the Law.- 7. Equality “in” the Law.- III. The Field of Application.- A. Delimination of the Field.- 8. “Treatment”.- 9. “Distinction,” “Limitation,” “Restriction,” etc..- 10. Categories of Treatment.- 11. Equality of States; Reciprocity.- 12. “Equality of International Organizations”.- 13. Treatment of Individuals by International Organizations.- 14. Treatment of an Individual by an Individual.- B. Treatment of the Individual by the State.- 15. Treatment as Social Action.- 16. Other Expressions; Status.- 17. Treatment through Inaction.- 18. “Objects” of Treatment.- 19. Categories of Individuals.- 20. Genocide as Treatment.- 21. Types of Treatment: Executive, Judicial, Legislative.- 22. Legislative Treatment.- 23. Unequal Treatment.- IV. Discrimination.- 24. Terminological Aspects.- 25. Some Definitions.- 26. Comments of the Definitions.- 27. Definition adopted in this Study.- 28. The Element of the “Sufficient Connection”.- 29. An Example: Voting Rights for Women.- 30. “Arbitrariness”.- 31. “Favourable,” “Unfavourable”.- 32. Discrimination through Equal Treatment.- 33. Discrimination and Social Rights.- 34. Non-discrimination.- 35. Treaty Definitions.- 36. Forbidden Grounds for Differentiation.- Two.- V. Non-discrimination Clauses in Human Rights Conventions.- 37. Forbidden Grounds for Differentiation (Continued).- 38. The Grounds of the U.N. Charter.- 39. “Race”.- 40. “Sex”.- 41. “Language”.- 42. “Religion”.- 43. Additional Grounds, General Remarks.- 44. “Colour”.- 45. “Political Opinion”.- 46. “National Origin”.- 47. “Social Origin”.- 48. “Property,” “Other Status”.- 49. “Birth”.- 50. Other Grounds in International Instruments.- 51. Classification of Grounds.- 52. The Scope of the Clauses: the Rights.- 53. The “Dependence” or “Independence” of Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights.- 54. Article 26 of the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.- 55. The Legal Function of the Grounds: Clarification.- 56. Idem: Shifting the Burden of Proof.- 57. The Relative Nature of the Grounds: “Special Measures of Protection”.- 58. Special Measures of Protection: Allowed or Prescribed.- VI. Protection of Minorities and Non-Discrimination.- 59. Protection of Minorities in the League of Nations.- 60. Protection of Minorities and the Non-discrimination Principle in the United Nations.- 61. Social and Economic “Minorities”: a Speculation.- VII. Conclusion.