The Comprehensive Classification of Fractures of Long Bones

ISBN-13: 9783540181651 / Angielski / Miękka / 1990 / 202 str.

M. E. Muller; Maurice E. Muller; Serge Nazarian

Opis

This reference work presents a classification of fractures of all long bones. The fundamental principle of this classification is the division of all fractures of a bone segment into three types and the further subdivision into three groups and their subgroups. The groups are arranged in an ascending order of severity according to the morphologic complexities of the fractures, the difficulties inherent in their treatment and the prognosis. Thus, once a surgeon classifies a fracture, he will have determined its severity and he will have a guide to its best possible treatment."

Spis treści

General Section.- 1. Principles of the Classification of Fractures.- 1.1 Morphological Characterization of a Fracture.- 1.2 The Location.- 1.3 Alpha-numeric Coding of the Diagnosis of a Fracture.- 2. The Long Bones, General Comments.- 2.1 Coding of the Long Bones.- 2.2 The Determination of the Segments of the Long Bones and of the Center of a Fracture.- 2.3 The Classification of Diaphyseal Fractures.- 2.3.1 The Diaphyseal Fracture Types.- 2.3.2 The Groups of the Diaphyseal Fractures of the Humerus, Femur, and Tibia/Fibula.- 2.3.3 The Groups of the Diaphyseal Fractures of the Radius/Ulna.- 2.3.4 A Comparative Analysis of 2700 Surgically Treated Diaphyseal Fractures.- 2.3.5 The Subgroups .1, .2, and .3 of the Diaphyseal Groups Al, A21, A3, and B1, B2, B3.- 2.3.6 The Subgroups .1, .2, and .3 of the Diaphyseal Groups Cl, C2, C3.- 2.3.7 The Qualifications for the Diaphyseal Subgroups.- 2.4 The Classification of Fractures of the Proximal and Distal Segments.- 2.4.1 The Fracture Types of Segments 13- and 33-, 21- and 41-, 23- and 43-.- 2.4.2 The Fracture Types for the Segments 11- and 31-.- 2.4.3 The Fracture Types for the Segment 44-.- 2.4.4 The Groups Al, A2, A3 of the Segments 13-, 21- and 23-, 33-, 41- and 43-.- 2.4.5 The Groups B1, B2, B3 of the Segments 13-, 21-, 23-, 33-, 41-, and 43-.- 2.4.6 The Groups Cl, C2, C3 of the Segments 13-, 21- and 23-, 33-, 41- and 43-.- 2.4.7 The Nine Groups Al to C3 of the Proximal Humerus = Segment 11-.- 2.4.8 The Nine Groups Al to C3 of the Proximal Femur = Segment 31-.- 2.4.9 The Avulsion Fractures of the Proximal and Distal Segments.- Special Section, Long Bones.- 1. Humerus = 1.- 1.1 Humerus, Proximal Segment = 11-.- 1.1.1 The Types.- 1.1.2 The Groups.- 1.1.3 The Subgroups and Their Qualifications.- 1.2 Humerus, Diaphyseal Segment = 12-.- 1.2.1 The Types.- 1.2.2 The Groups.- 1.2.3 The Subgroups and Their Qualifications.- 1.3 Humerus, Distal Segment = 13-.- 1.3.1 The Types.- 1.3.2 The Groups.- 1.3.3 The Subgroups and Their Qualifications.- 1.3.4 Comments.- 2. Radius/Ulna = 2.- 2.1 Radius/Ulna, Proximal Segment = 21-.- 2.1.1 The Types.- 2.1.2 The Groups.- 2.1.3 The Subgroups and Their Qualifications.- 2.2 Radius/Ulna, Diaphyseal Segment = 22-.- 2.2.1 The Types.- 2.2.2 The Groups.- 2.2.3 The Subgroups and Their Qualifications.- 2.3 Radius/Ulna, Distal Segment = 23-.- 2.3.1 The Types.- 2.3.2 The Groups.- 2.3.3 The Subgroups and Their Qualifications.- 3. Femur = 3.- 3.1 Femur, Proximal Segment = 31-.- 3.1.1 The Types.- 3.1.2 The Groups.- 3.1.3 The Subgroups and Their Qualifications.- 3.1.4 Comments.- 3.2 Femur, Diaphyseal Segment = 32-.- 3.2.1 The Types.- 3.2.2 The Groups.- 3.2.3 The Subgroups and Their Qualifications.- 3.3 Femur, Distal Segment = 33-.- 3.3.1 The Types.- 3.3.2 The Groups.- 3.3.3 The Subgroups and Their Qualifications.- 4. Tibia/Fibula = 4.- 4.1 Tibia/Fibula, Proximal Segment = 41-.- 4.1.1 The Types.- 4.1.2 The Groups.- 4.1.3 The Subgroups and Their Qualifications.- 4.2 Tibia/Fibula, Diaphyseal Segment = 42-.- 4.2.1 The Types.- 4.2.2 The Groups.- 4.2.3 The Subgroups and Their Qualifications.- 4.2.4 Comments.- 4.3 Tibia/Fibula, Distal Segment = 43-.- 4.3.1 The Types.- 4.3.2 The Groups.- 4.3.3 The Subgroups and Their Qualifications.- 4.4 Tibia/Fibula, Malleolar Segment = 44-.- 4.4.1 The Types.- 4.4.2 The Groups.- 4.4.3 The Subgroups and Their Qualifications.- 4.4.4 Comments about Malleolar Fractures.- Glossary = Dictionary.