Table of Contents Introduction Fortification and urban design The Military Revolution and its effects on European expansion: fact or fiction? Method, sources, and structure 1. Artillery fortification at home and abroad 2. “A Company of commerce but also of State”: The VOC in South Asia 3. The Van Goens system: Building the fortifications, 1650-1675 4. Criticism and construction 5. Mughal decline and the Company: From victory at Chowgaht to disaster at Bedera, 1717-1759 6. After Bedara: Attempting to improve defenses, 1759-1780 7. A plague of engineers 8. The Military Committee: The Generality intervenes in the debates, 1787-1792 9. Fall of a fortress Conclusion: The military evolution of the South Asian states Appendix 1: Some remarks on terminology and illustrations Acknowledgements Bibliography Archival Sources Printed primary Sources Secondary Sources Index