The Cartilaginous Skeleton of the Bronchial Tree

ISBN-13: 9783540065364 / Angielski / Miękka / 1974 / 80 str.

F. Vanpeperstraete

Opis

A review of the publications, dealing with the morphology of the cartilages of the tracheo-bronchial tree, shows how scarce they are and how fragmentary the contributions based on research. Isolated parts only of the bronchial tree have been investigated, mostly in single specimens or small series. Anatomical textbooks merely state that the trachea and main bronchi are supported by rings and the more distal branches by irregular, circumferentially placed plates which become smaller towards the periphery, until they disappear in the bronchioli. It is at once obvious that this old-time view is not only superficial, but it leaves one completely ignorant about the site where rings cease and plates begin. No information is available about the arrangement of cartilages around the bifurcations of the main bronchi and contradictory descriptions are given about the cartilaginous architecture of the lobar bronchi. A more searching study reveals that cartilages are hardly mentioned in the huge amount of literature on bronchial anatomy which has accumulated since 1880. It is therefore not exagerated to say that the study of this subject has been grossly neglected.

Spis treści

I. Introduction.- II. Historical Review.- A. From Cl. Galenus to Chr. Aeby (1880).- B. From Chr. Aeby (1880).- III. Method and Material.- A. Method.- 1. Macroscopic Staining of Cartilage.- 2. Study of the Cartilages.- 3. Reproduction.- 4. Advantages.- 5. Disadvantages.- B. Material.- IV. The Adult Human Bronchial Tree.- A. General Appearance.- B. Terminology.- 1. Rings.- 2. Modified Rings.- 3. Plates.- 4. Carinal or Bifurcation Cartilages.- V. The lower Part of the Trachea.- A. Polymorphism of Rings.- B. Method of counting Rings.- VI. The Tracheal Bifurcation.- A. Own Criteria.- 1. The Tracheo-Bronchial Angle.- 2. The Carina: a Bronchial Structure.- 3. The Shape of the Rings.- B. Description and Classification.- 1. Absence of Cartilaginous Continuity between Trachea and Bronchi.- 2. Cartilaginous Continuity between Trachea and Bronchi.- 3. Recapitulation.- C. Amount of Cartilage in the Carina.- D. Conclusion.- VII. The Main Bronchi.- A. The Right Main Bronchus.- 1. Number of Rings.- 2. The Upper and the Lower Part.- 3. Connections.- 4. The Membranous Part.- B. The Left Main Bronchus.- 1. Number of Rings.- 2. Connections.- 3. The Membranous Part.- C. Comparison between the Two Main Bronchi.- VIII. The Lobar Bronchi.- A. The Right Upper Lobe Bronchus.- 1. Cartilages.- 2. Connections.- 3. Paries Membranacea.- 4. Orifice.- B. The Left Upper Lobe Bronchus.- 1. Cartilages.- 2. Connections.- 3. The Secondary Carinal Cartilage.- 4. Paries Membranacea.- 5. Orifice.- C. The Middle Lobe Bronchus.- 1. Cartilages.- 2. Connections.- 3. The Secondary Carinal Cartilage.- 4. Paries Membranacea.- 5. Orifice.- D. The Right Lower Lobe Bronchus.- 1. Cartilages.- 2. Connections.- 3. Orifice.- 4. The Orifice to the Apical Lower Segmental Bronchus.- E. The Left Lower Lobe Bronchus.- 1. Cartilages.- 2. Connections.- 3. Orifice.- 4. The Orifice to the Apical Lower Segmental Bronchus.- F. The Five Lobar Bronchi.- 1. The Right Upper Lobe Bronchus.- 2. The Right Middle and Left Upper Lobe Bronchi.- 3. The Lower Lobe Bronchi.- 4. Conclusions.- IX. The Pulmonary Hilum.- 1. Rings and Plates.- 2. Where Rings and Plates were found.- 3. Extra- and Intrapulmonary Airways.- 4. The Extrapulmonary Airways.- 5. The Intrapulmonary Airways.- 6. Cartilages Outside and Inside the Lungs.- 7. Conclusions.- X. Foetal Studies.- 1. Embryology.- 2. Histogenesis of Cartilage.- 3. Own Investigations.- a) First Period: 7th to 11th Week.- b) Second Period: 12th and 13th Week.- c) Third Period: 14th Week and older.- 4. Summary and Conclusions.- XI. Age and Sex.- XII. Animal Studies.- 1. Amphibia.- 2. Reptilia.- 3. Aves.- 4. Mammalia.- 5. Summary and Conclusions.- XIII. Morphogenesis.- XIV. Summary.- Acknowledgement.- References.