1 Introduction Section I Atlantic walrus evolution, ecology, and behavior 2 The surprising evolutionary heritage of the Atlantic walrus as chronicled by the fossil record 3 Ecology and behavior of Atlantic walruses 4 Stocks, distribution and abundance Section II Walruses and Indigenous peoples 5 Pre-Inuit walrus use in Arctic Canada and Greenland, c.2500 BCE to 1250 CE 6 Subsistence walrus hunting in Inuit Nunangat (Arctic Canada) and Kalaallit Nunaat (Greenland) from the 13th century CE to present Section III European walrus use from the Norse to present 7 Early European and Greenlandic walrus hunting: Motivations, techniques and practices 8 The exploitation of walrus ivory in medieval Europe 9 Modern European commercial walrus exploitation, 1700 to 1960 CE Section IV Future directions and innovations in Atlantic walrus research 10 Molecular advances in archaeological and biological research on Atlantic walrus 11 Atlantic walrus management, regulation and conservation 12 Anthropogenic impacts on the Atlantic walrus 13 The future of Atlantic walrus in a rapidly warming Arctic