The Adenoviruses

ISBN-13: 9781468479379 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 605 str.

Harold S. Ginsberg

Opis

The discovery of adenoviruses naturally induced a new interest in viruses of the human upper respiratory tract since previously unknown viruses infecting this portion of the human body had not been identified in 20 years, and their unique characteristics stimulated investigations into the biochemical events essential for replication of animal viruses. Indeed, the field of molecular virology has evolved during the period since their dis- covery, and adenoviruses have played a major role in this development. The exciting discoveries made with adenoviruses have had such a pro- found effect on knowledge in basic virology, molecular biology, viral ge- netics, human and animal infections, and cell transformation that this seemed a propitious time to have some of the major contributors review this field. This volume pays tribute to the late Wallace Rowe, Robert Huebner, and Maurice Hilleman whose initial discoveries of adenoviruses have tremendously enriched virology. Harold S. Ginsberg vii Contents Chapter 1 An Overview 1 Harold S. Ginsberg Chapter 2 The Architecture of Adenoviruses M. V. Nermut I. Introduction ................................... . 5 II. Chemical and Physical Properties ................... . 6 III. Virus Capsid: Composition and Organization .......... . 7 A. Hexon ..................................... . 10 B. Penton .................................... . 12 C. Other Virus Polypeptides Associated with the Capsid 13 D. Organization of the Capsid ..................... . 14 IV. Virus Core .................................... . 15 A. Evidence for the Core Shell ..................... . 17 B. Organization of the DNA-Protein Complex (Nucleoc- sid) ....................................... . 18 C. Tentative Model of the Adenovirus Nucleocapsid ... . 22 V. Model of the Adenovirion ......................... . 29 32 References .......................................... .

Spis treści

1 An Overview.- 2 The Architecture of Adenoviruses.- I. Introduction.- II. Chemical and Physical Properties.- III. Virus Capsid: Composition and Organization.- A. Hexon.- B. Penton.- C. Other Virus Polypeptides Associated with the Capsid.- D. Organization of the Capsid.- IV. Virus Core.- A. Evidence for the Core Shell.- B. Organization of the DNA-Protein Complex (Nucleocapsid).- C. Tentative Model of the Adenovirus Nucleocapsid 22 V. Model of the Adenovirion.- References.- 3 The Structure of the Genome.- I. Introduction.- II. Grouping of Adenoviruses Based on DNA Homology.- III. Physicochemical Properties of Adenovirus DNA.- IV. Coordinate System.- V. Inverted Terminal Repetition.- VI. Terminal Protein.- VII. Organization of the Adenovirus Genome.- A. Early Region E1 (1.3–11.2).- B. Late and Intermediate Genes in the Region between Coordinates 11.2 and 31.- C. Late Regions L1, L2, and L3 (31.0–61.7).- D. Early Region E2a (61.5–75.1).- E. Late Region L4 (66.5–77.3).- F. Early Region E3 (76.6–86.0).- G. Late Region L5 (86.0–91.3).- H. Early Region E4 (91.3–99.2).- I. Unidentified Reading Frames.- VIII. Comparison of Genomes and Concluding Remarks.- Appendices.- References.- 4 The Genetic System.- I. Introduction.- II. Production of Viral Mutants.- A. Mutagens.- B. Screens for Preexisting Mutations.- C. Selection for Preexisting Mutations.- D. Manipulation of Isolated Viral DNA Segments.- E. Propagation of Mutants.- III. Adenovirus Mutants.- A. Classes of Phenotypes.- B. Phenotypic Expression of the Mutants.- IV. Mapping Methods.- A. Viral Crosses as Mapping Tools.- B. Mapping Methods Based on DNA-Mediated Transfection.- V. Genetic Interactions.- A. Interactions between Genetically Distinguishable Viruses.- B. Genetic Interactions between Virus and Transformed Permissive Cells.- References.- 5 Adenovirus Transcription.- I. Introduction.- II. Nine Transcription Units.- III. Temporal Nature of Transcription from Adenovirus Promoters.- IV. Viral Chromatin Structure.- V. Sequence of Promoter Sites.- VI. E1a Transcription Unit.- VII. E1b Transcription Unit.- VIII. E2(75) Transcription Unit.- IX. Late Transcription Unit.- X. Regulation by Ela Protein.- XL Regulation by the 72K DNA-Binding Protein of E2.- XII. Effect of Inhibition of Protein Synthesis on Adenovirus Transcription.- XIII. Virus-Associated RNAI and RNAII.- XIV. Summary.- References.- 6 Structural and Nonstructural Adenovirus Proteins.- I. General Considerations.- A. Classification.- B. Polypeptide Composition of the Virion.- II. Major Capsid Proteins.- A. Hexon.- B. Fiber.- C. Penton.- D. Major Core Proteins.- III. Minor Polypeptides in the Adenovirus Capsid.- A. Protein IIIa.- B. Protein VI and Its Precursor Polypeptide.- C. Protein VIII.- D. Protein IX.- E. Polypeptides X-XII.- IV. Physiological Effects of the Structural Proteins.- A. Hemagglutination.- B. Protein Kinase Activity Associated with Adenovirus Particles.- C. The Viral Protease.- V. Adenovirus Proteins Synthesized at Intermediate Times after Infection.- VI. Late Nonstructural Proteins.- A. 100K Polypeptide.- B. 33K Phosphoprotein.- VII. Structure and Function of Adenovirus Proteins Synthesized Early after Infection.- A. Polypeptides Encoded by Region E1a.- B. Polypeptides Encoded by Region E1b.- C. Polypeptides Encoded by Region E2.- D. Polypeptides Encoded by Region E3.- E. Polypeptides Encoded by Region E4.- VIII. Prospectives for Future Studies of Adenovirus Proteins.- References.- 7 Adenovirus DNA Replication.- I. Introduction.- II. Structure of the Termini of Adenovirus Genomes.- A. Terminal Nucleotide Sequences.- B. Terminal Protein.- III. Adenovirus DNA Replication in Vivo.- A. Overview.- B. Structure of Replicative Intermediates.- C. Model for Adenovirus DNA Replication.- D. Mechanism of DNA Chain Elongation.- IV. Adenovirus DNA Replication in Vitro.- A. Replication on Endogenous DNA Templates.- B. Replication on Exogenous DNA Templates.- V. Replication Proteins.- A. Adenovirus DNA-Binding Protein.- B. Adenovirus Terminal Protein.- C. Adenovirus N Protein.- D. Cellular Replication Proteins.- VI. Initiation of Adenovirus DNA Replication.- References.- 8 Adenovirus Assembly.- I. Introduction.- II. Protein Neighbors in the Virion.- III. Assembly of Capsomers.- A. Hexon.- B. Penton.- IV. Formation of Empty Capsids.- V. Insertion of Viral DNA.- VI. Proteolytic Cleavage during Maturation.- VII. Arrest of the Assembly Pathway.- VIII. Intermediate Particles in Assembly.- IX. Conclusion.- References.- 9 Transformation by and Oncogenicity of Human Adenoviruses.- I. Introduction.- A. Oncogenic and Nononcogenic Adenoviruses.- B. Persistence of Viral Information.- II. Structure of Integrated Adenovirus DNA Sequences in Virus-Induced Tumors and in Transformed Cells..- A. Quantitation of Viral DNA in Transformed Cells.- B. Structure of Integrated Viral DNA.- C. Sequence Analysis of Integrated Viral DNA.- III. Transformation by Adenovirus DNA.- A. Identification of Transforming DNA Fragments.- B. Organization of Early Region 1: The Transforming Region.- C. Characteristics of Cells Transformed by DNA Fragments.- IV. Transformation-Defective Mutants..- A. E1 Mutants.- B. Mutants in E2a and E2b.- C. Adenovirus Type 12 Mutants.- V. Tumor Antigens and Their Role in Transformation.- A. Maintenance of Transformation by E1 Proteins.- B. Detection of E1 Antigens.- C. E1a Antigens.- D. E1b Antigens.- E. Tumor Antigens Encoded outside E1.- F. Tumor Antigens of Adenovirus Type 12.- G. Function of E1 Tumor Antigens.- VI. Factors That Affect the Tumorigenicity of Adenovirus-Transformed Cells.- A. In Vitro Properties of Transformed Cells.- B. Immune Response to Adenovirus-Transformed Cells....- C. Tumor-Specific Transplantation Antigens.- VII. Role of Adenoviruses in Naturally Occurring Cancers.- A. Animal Models.- B. Human Tumors.- References.- 10Adenovirus-Simian Virus 40 Interactions.- I. Introduction.- II. Adenovirus-Simian Virus 40 Hybrids.- A. Adenovirus Type 2-Simian Virus 40 Hybrids.- B. Defective Adenovirus Type 2-Simian Virus 40 Hybrids.- C. Adenovirus Expression Vectors.- D. Adenovirus Type 7-Simian Virus 40 Hybrids.- E. Other Adenovirus-Simian Virus 40 Hybrids.- III. Human Adenovirus Growth in Monkey Cells.- A. Methods of Enhancement.- B. Nature of the Block.- IV. Complementation between Simian Virus 40 and Adenovirus Mutants.- V. Adenovirus Inhibition of Simian Virus 40 Growth.- VI. Summary.- References.- 11 Adenovirus Infections in Humans.- I. Introduction.- II. Adenoviruses Recovered from Humans.- III. Classification of Human Adenoviruses.- A. General.- B. Oncogenicity.- C. Electrophoretic Mobility of Virion Polypeptides.- D. Genome Homologies.- E. Restriction Endonuclease Analysis.- IV. Epidemiology and Transmission.- V. Pathology.- VI. Pathophysiology and Immune Responses.- VII. Infectious Syndromes Associated with Adenoviruses.- A. General.- B. Asymptomatic Infections.- C. Respiratory Infections.- D. Adenovirus Infections in the Immune-Suppressed Patient..- E. Keratoconjunctivitis.- F. Meningoencephalitis.- G. Gastrointestinal Infections.- H. Hemorrhagic Cystitis.- I. Cancer.- J. Congenital Anomalies.- K. Other Syndromes.- VIII. Diagnosis.- IX. Treatment.- A. General.- B. Antiviral Therapy.- C. Keratoconjunctivitis.- X. Prevention.- A. General.- B. Killed Vaccines.- C. Live Vaccines.- XI. Adenovims-Simian Virus 40 Hybrids.- XII. Adeno-Associated Viruses.- XIII. Latency.- XIV. Further Research.- References.- 12 Adenoviruses of Animals.- I. Introduction.- II. Nomenclature and Abbreviations.- III. Structure and Components of the Viral Capsid.- IV. Viral DNA.- A. General Properties.- B. DNA Homology.- V. Viral Antigens and Hemagglutinins.- VI. Classification of Animal Adenoviruses (Family Adenoviridae).- A. Genus Mastadenovirus.- B. Genus Aviadenovirus.- C. Adenoviruslike Agent and Particles Observed in Poikil-othermal Animals.- VII. Natural and Experimental Infection of Animals.- A. Bovine Adenoviruses.- B. Ovine Adenoviruses.- C. Porcine Adenoviruses.- D. Equine Adenoviruses.- E. Canine Adenoviruses.- F. Simian Adenoviruses.- G. Murine Adenoviruses.- H. Fowl Adenoviruses.- I. Egg Drop Syndrome 1976 Virus.- J. Hemorrhagic Enteritis Virus of Turkey (or Marble Spleen Disease Virus of Pheasant).- K. General Considerations.- VIII. Oncogenicity.- A. Induction of Tumors.- B. Transformation of Cultured Cells.- C. Tumor Antigens.- D. Viral DNA Persisting in Tumor and Transformed Cells.- E. Arrangement of Viral DNA in Tumor or Transformed Cells.- F. Indispensable Segment of Viral DNA for Tumor Induction or Cell Transformation.- IX. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 13 Adeno-Associated Virus.- I. Introduction.- II. Virion.- III. Biology of Adeno-Associated Virus.- IV. Macromolecular Structure and Synthesis.- A. DNA.- B. RNA.- C. Proteins.- V. Latent Infections.- A. Latent Infection In Vivo.- B. Latent Infection in Cell Culture.- C. Viral Functions in Rescue.- D. Cloned Adeno-Associated Virus DNA as a Model System.- E. Biological Consequences.- VI. Inhibition of Adenovirus.- A. Inhibition of Lytic Infection.- B. Inhibition of Oncogenicity.- VII. Conclusion.- References.