Textbook of General Pathology for Dental Students

ISBN-13: 9783031312434 / Angielski

S. R. Prabhu

Opis

This textbook is structured to meet the specific learning needs of dental students in general pathology and assist them in holistically formulating clinical decisions. It discusses pathology principles essential to understanding the disease process. The text is presented logically and designed to emphasise clinical relevance where necessary. Chapters on common systemic and orofacial diseases have also been included to highlight the fundamental relevance of pathology to clinical dentistry. Organised in 16 chapters, using a user-friendly writing style, this book covers core topics such as cellular pathology, inflammation, tissue repair, immunopathology, genetic disorders, infectious disease, neoplasia, nutritional and environmental pathology, pain, and pathology of organ systems relevant to the practice of dentistry. It is a must-have for undergraduate and postgraduate dental students.

Spis treści

Preface

Foreword

Dedication

Chapter 1. Introduction to Pathology

1.1. Introduction

1.2. History of Pathology

1.3. Making a diagnosis

1.4. Diagnostic investigations in Pathology

 1.4.1. Gross pathology

1.4.2. Biopsy

1.4.3. Histopathology

1.4.4. Cytopathology

1.4.5. Hematopathology

1.4.6. Histochemistry

1.4.7. Immunohistochemistry 

1.4.8.  Immunofluorescence (IF):

1.4.9. Molecular pathology

1.4.10. Cytogenetics

1.4.11. Biochemical methods

1.4.12. Medical microbiology

1.4.13. Microbial culture

1.4.14. Electron microscopy

1.4.15. Flow cytometry

1.4.16. Forensic pathology/Autopsy..4.17. Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology

1.4.18.Summary

    Bibliography

Chapter 2. Homeostasis

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Homeostasis at the cellular, tissue, and organ level

2.3. Regulation and mechanisms of homeostasis

2.4. Homeostatic mechanisms (Feedback mechanisms)

2.4.1. Positive feedback mechanism

2.4.2. Negative feedback mechanism

2.5. Oral homeostasis

2.6. Homeostasis and Ageing

2.7. Nutrition and homeostasis.

2.8. Environment and homeostasis

2-9. Summary

Bibliography

Chapter 3. Disease, Disorder, and Disability

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Definition and Characteristics of the disease

3.2.1. Aetiology.

3.2.2. Pathogenesis.

3.2.3. Morphological, functional, and clinical manifestations.  

3.3. Epidemiology

3.4. Classification of disease

3.5. Numerical Disease coding systems

3.6. Disorder

3.6.1. Mental disorder

3.6.2. Physical disorder. 

3.6.3. Genetic disorder

3.6.4. Emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD).

3.7. Disability

3.8. Summary

Bibliography

 

 

 

 

 

Chapter 4. Cell Structure and Function, Cell Division and Cell Cycle, Cell Types and Stem Cells

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Cell Structure and Function

4.2.1. Plasma membrane

4.2.2. Cytoplasm

4.2.2.1. Nucleus

4.2.2.2. Mitochondria

4.2.2.3. Ribosome

4.2.2.4. Centrosome

4.2.2.5. Lysosome

4.2.2.6. Endoplasmic reticulum

4.2.2.7. Golgi apparatus

4.2.2.8. Vacuoles and vesicles

4.2.2.9. Peroxisomes

4.2.2.10. Cytoskeleton

4.3. Intercellular Junctions

4.3.1. Tight junctions

4.3.2. Gap junctions

4.3.3. Desmosomes and hemidesmosomes

4.4. Cell Communications

4.5. Signalling Pathways

4.5.1. Autocrine signalling

4.5.2. Endocrine signalling

4.5.3. Paracrine signalling

4.5.4. Juxtacrine signalling

4.6. Interaction with Extracellular Matrix

4.7. The Cell Division and the cell cycle

4.7.1. Interphase

4.7.2. Mitotic phase

4.8. Control and Regulation of the Cell Cycle

4.9. Cell types in the human body

4.10. Stem Cells

4.10.1.Totipotent stem cells

4.10.2. Pluripotent stem cells

4.10.3. Multipotent stem cells

4.10.4. Unipotent stem cells

4.10.5.Oligopotent stem cells

4.11. Summary

Bibliography

5.   Cellular Pathology

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Cell Injury

5.3. Causes of Cell Injury

5.3.1. Hypoxia (oxygen deprivation)

5.3.2. Mechanical trauma.

5.3.3. Extreme heat

5.3.3. Extreme heat

5.3.5. Ionising radiation.

5.3.6. Non-ionising radiation.

5.3.7. Electrical shock.

5.3.8. Chemical injury.

5.3.9. Therapeutic and illicit drug injury.

5.3.10. Injury due to infectious agents.

5.3.11. Nutritional Imbalances.

5.3.12. Immunologically mediated cell injury.

5.3.13. Genetic and Metabolic Cell Injury.

5.3.14. Injury from free radicals.

5.4. Mechanisms of Cell Injury

5.4.1. Plasma membrane damage.

5.4.2. Mitochondrial damage.

5.4.3. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion.

5.4.4. Cytosolic calcium derangement.

5.4.5. Nucleic acid damage.  

5.5. Responses to cell injury

5.5.1. Reversible cell injury

5.5.2. Irreversible cell injury

5.6. Cellular Adaptation

5.6.1.Hypertrophy

5.6.2.Hyperplasia

5.6.3.Atrophy

5.6.4.Metaplasia

5.6.5.Dysplasia

5.7. Cellular Degeneration

5.7.1.Hydropic degeneration (cloudy swelling/vacuolar degeneration)

5.7.2. Fatty change (Fatty degeneration)

5.7.3. Hyaline change

5.7.4.Mucoid degeneration (mucinous degeneration/myxomatous degeneration)

5.7.5. Fibrinoid degeneration

5.8. Cellular Accumulations and Pathologic Calcification

5.8.1. Abnormal accumulation of lipids

5.8.2. Abnormal accumulation of proteins

5.8.3. Accumulation of glycogen

5.8.4. Accumulation of pigments

5.8.5. Pathologic calcification

5.9. Cell Death

5.9.1. Apoptosis

5.9.2. Necrosis

5.9.2.1.Coagulative necrosis

5.9.2.2. Liquefactive necrosis

5.9.2.3. Caseous necrosis

5.9.2.4. Gangrenous necrosis

5.9.2.5. Fibrinoid necrosis

5.9.2.6. Fat necrosis

5.10. Summary

Bibliography

Chapter 6. Inflammation

6.1. Introduction

6.2. Etiology

6.3. Cardinal signs of inflammation

6.4. Cells of the inflammatory response,, their location and primary role

6.5. Classification of inflammation

6.5.1. Acute inflammation

6.5.1.1. Early Vascular response

6.5.1.2. Late Cellular response

6.5.1.3. Cell-derived inflammatory mediators

6.5.1.4. Plasma-derived inflammatory mediators

6.5.2. Chronic inflammation

6.5.3. Types of Chronic Inflammation

6.5.3.1. Non specific protective inflammation 

6.5.3.2. Granulomatous inflammation

6.6. Morphologic patterns of inflammation

6.6.1. Fibrinous inflammation

6.6.2. Suppurative (purulent) inflammation

6.6.3. Serous inflammation 

6.6.4. Ulcerative inflammation

6.6.5. Catarrhal inflammation

6.6.6. Pseudomembranous inflammation

6.6.7. Granulomatous inflammation (see6.5.3.2)

6.7. Summary

Bibliography

Chapter 7. Healing: Tissue Regeneration and Repair

7.1. Introduction

7.2. The types of cells and tissues involved in the healing process

7.3. Healing by regeneration

7.4. Healing by repair

7.5. The role of Cytokines, Growth Factors, and Extracellular Matrix

7.6. Wound Healing

7.7. Categories of Cutaneous Wound Healing

7.7.1. Healing by first intention (Primary union).

 

7.7.2. Healing by second intention (secondary intention)

 

7.8. Healing of oral mucosal wounds.

7.9. Fracture Healing

7.9.1. Stages in Fracture Healing (Bone Regeneration)

7.10. Tooth Extraction Socket Healing

7.11. Factors that influence wound healing

7.12. Complications of Wound Healing

7.13. Summary

Bibliography

Chapter 8. Genetic and Developmental Pathology

8.1. Introduction

8.2. Chromosomes and genes

8.3. Genotype and phenotype

8.4. Inheritance patterns

8.4.1. Single gene inheritance (Mendelian inheritance)

8.4.2. Sex Linked inheritance

8.4.3. Mitochondrial inheritance

8.4.4. Multifactorial inheritance

8.5. Genetic Disorders

8.5.1. Monogenic disorders

8.5.2. Polygenic disorders (multifactorial inheritance disorders)

8.5.3. Chromosomal disorders (cytogenetic disorders)

8.6. Mutations

8.7. Congenital and Developmental Disorders

8.8. Summary

Bibliography

Chapter 9. Infectious and Communicable Diseases: An Overview

9.1. Introduction

9.2. The concept of chain of infection

9.3. Routes and modes of entry of microbes

9.4. Host defences against infection

9.5. Types of infectious agents and mechanism of infections

9,5.1. Bacteria

9.5.2. Viruses

9.5.3. Fungi

9.5.4. Protozoa

9.5.5. Helminths

9.5.6. Prions

9.6. Summary

Bibliography

Chapter 10. An Introduction to Immunology and Immunopathology

10.1. Introduction

10.2. The immune system: Innate and adaptive immunity.

10.2.1. Innate Immunity

10.2.2. Adaptive Immunity

10.2.3. T-Cells and Antigen-presenting Cells (APCs)

10.2.4. B Cells

10.3. Antibody-mediated vs cell-mediated immunity

10.4. Passive vs active immunisation

10.5. Immunopathology

10.6. Inflammation

Bibliography

Chapter 11. Neoplasia and Carcinogenesis

11.1. Introduction

11.2. Classification  of Neoplasms

11.2.1. Benign neoplasms

11.2.2. Malignant neoplasms

11.3. Other tumour terminologies

11.4. Non- neoplastic tumour-like lesions

11.5. Epidemiology of Cancer

11.6. Aetiology of Cancer

11.6.1. Chemical Carcinogens.

11.6.1.1. Mechanisms of Chemical Carcinogenesis.

11.6.2. Physical Carcinogens

11.6.2.1. Mechanism of Physical carcinogenesis

11.6.3. Viral carcinogens

11.6.3.1. Mechanism of viral carcinogenesis

11.7. Role of host factors in carcinogenesis

11.8. Clinical Effects of Cancer

11.9. Cancer Staging

11.10. Spread of cancer: Metastasis

11.11. Cancer Diagnosis: Investigations

11.11.1. Cytopathology

11.11.2. Histopathology

11.11.3. Tumour marker tests

11.11.4. Histochemistry

11.11.5. Immunohistochemistry

11.11.6. Flow cytometry

11.11.7. Molecular diagnosis

11.11.8. Imaging tests

11.11.9. Diagnostic surgery: Sentinel node mapping

11.12. Carcinogenesis

11.12.1.Host defence against cancer

11.12.2. Stages of cancer development

11.12.3. Molecular and genetic basis of cancer

11.12.4. Hallmarks of cancer

11.12.5. Role of Tumour Suppressor Genes, Cellular Proto-Oncogenes, and Growth Factors in Carcinogenesis

11.13. Summary

Bibliography

Chapter 12. Environmental and Nutritional Pathology

12.1. Introduction

12.2. Environmental Pollution

12.3. Effects of Tobacco, Alcohol and Substance Abuse

12.4. Effects of Radiation

12.5. Malnutrition.

12.5.1. Nutritional Deficiencies

12.5.1.1. Caloric and protein deficit.

12.5.1.2. Vitamin deficiencies.

12.5.1.3. Deficiency of Other Essential Micronutrients.

12.5.2. Nutrient excesses

12.5.2.1. Excesses of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

12.5.2.2. Overweight and Obesity

12.5.2.3. Hypervitaminosis

12.5.2.4. Iron Excess (Iron toxicity)

12.6. Summary

Bibliography

Chapter 13. Hemodynamic Disorders, Thrombosis, Infarction, Oedema, and Shock

13.1. Introduction

13.2. Hyperemia and Congestion

13.3. Haemorrhage

13.4. Hemostasis

13.5. Disorders of hemostasis

13.6. Laboratory diagnosis of haemostatic disorders

13.7. Thrombosis

13.8. Arterial or venous blood stasis and turbulence

13.9. Hypercoagulable state

13.10. Arterial thrombosis

13.11. Disseminated intravascular coagulation

13.12. Embolism

13.13. Pulmonary embolism

13.14. Systemic thromboembolism.

13.15. Infarction

13.16. Oedema

13.17. Shock

13.18. Summary

Bibliography

Chapter 14. Imbalances in Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases:  An Overview

14.1. Introduction

14.2. Fluid Balance

14.3. Electrolyte Balance

14.4.  Acid-Base Balance

14.5. Abnormalities in acid-base balance

14.6. Summary

Bibliography

Chapter 15. Ageing

15.1. Introduction

15.2. Theories of ageing

15.2.1. The programmed theories

15.2.2. The error (damage) theory

15.3. Normal ageing.

15.4. Age-related diseases

15.5. Summary

Bibliography

Chapter 16. Pain

16.1. Introduction

16.2. Pathophysiology of pain

16.3. Classification of pain

16.3.1. Nociceptive pain.

16.3.2. Neuropathic pain.

16.3.3.Mixed pain.

16.3.4. Psychogenic pain

16.4. Conditions associated with peripheral and central neuropathic pain

16.5. Summary

Bibliography

Chapter 17. Dental, Oral, Maxillofacial and Salivary Gland Diseases: An Overview.

17.1. Introduction

17.2. Common developmental disorders

17.3. Dental Caries and pathology of the dental pulp

17.4. Other acquired dental disorders

17.5. Periodontal diseases

17.6. Mucosal diseases

17.7. Diseases of the jaw bones

17.8. Diseases of the salivary glands

17.9. Summary

Bibliography

Chapter 18. Pathology of Organ Systems of the Body

18.1. Introduction

18.2. Gastrointestinal diseases

18.3. Liver diseases

18.4. Cardiovascular diseases

18.5. Respiratory System diseases

18.6. Diseases of the Blood and Blood forming Organs

18.7. Disorders of the Immune system

18.8. Diseases of the renal system

18.9. Diseases of the endocrine system and metabolism

18.10. Diseases of the nervous system

18.11. Diseases of the bone and joints

18.12. Psychiatric disorders

18.13. Summary

Bibliography

Glossary of medical terminology

Index

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

O autorze

S R Prabhu is an Honorary Associate Professor at the School of Dentistry, Brisbane. His expertise is in Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Oral Medicine. Professor Prabhu formerly held academic positions in Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology at university dental schools in India, Kenya, Sudan, Australia, Trinidad and Tobago, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, and UAE and administrative positions as Director and Dean of Dental Schools in Trinidad and Tobago West Indies, and the UAE, respectively. Professor Prabhu is a Fellow of the dental faculties of all four Royal Colleges of Surgeons in the UK and Ireland and the International College of Dentists. He was an external examiner for the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, UK dental membership examinations.  He received the Commonwealth Medical Scholarship awarded by the British Council and the Rotary Foundation award for teaching in developing countries. Professor Prabhu has conducted workshops on HIV/AIDS for oral healthcare professionals in several countries in the Asian and Caribbean regions. He has published numerous papers in refereed journals, edited/co-edited, and authored/co-authored several books. Some prominent book titles include Oral Diseases in the Tropics (Oxford University Press), Textbook of Oral Medicine (Oxford University Press), Textbook of Oral Anatomy Histology and Embryology (Oxford University Press), Textbook of Oral Diagnosis (Oxford University Press), HIV/AIDS for Dental Practice (Dental Council of India), Handbook of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine (Wiley Blackwell), Oral Diseases for Medical Practitioners (Oxford University Press), Clinical Diagnosis in Oral Medicine Jaypee Bros. Medical Publishers), and Sexually Transmissible Oral Diseases (Wiley Blackwell). Professor Prabhu is on the International Dental Journal (IDJ) editorial board, published by the FDI World Dental Federation, Geneva.