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Technical Safety, Reliability and Resilience: Methods and Processes
ISBN-13: 9789813342712 / Angielski / Twarda / 2021 / 308 str.
Technical Safety, Reliability and Resilience: Methods and Processes
ISBN-13: 9789813342712 / Angielski / Twarda / 2021 / 308 str.
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1 Introduction and objectives
1.1 Safe, secure and resilient technical sustainable systems
1.2 Structure of text and chapter contents overview
1.3 Main features of the text
1.4 Sample background research projects
1.4.1 Functional safety of heating and cooling systems in electical vehicles
1.4.2 Resilience Engineering of multi-modal indoor localization system
1.4.3 Reliabilty and resilience for local power supply grids
2 Technical safety and reliability methods for resilience engineering
2.1 Overview
2.2 Why to leverage classical system analysis approaches for resilience engineering
2.3 Approach to assess the suitability of methods
2.4 Suitability assessment with five-step risk management scheme
2.5 Method Usability assessment using Resilience responSe cycle time phases
2.6 Method Usability assessment using Technical resilience capabilities
2.7 Method Usability assessment using system layers
2.8 Method Usability assessment using Resilience criteria
2.9 Summary and conclusions
2.10 Questions
2.11 Answers
3 Basic technical safety terms and definitions
3.1 Overview
3.2 System
3.3 Life cycle
3.4 Risk
3.5 Acceptable risk
3.6 Hazard
3.7 Safety
3.8 Risk minimization
3.9 Safety relevant and critical systems
3.10 Safety relevant norms
3.11 Systems with high requirements for the reliability
3.12 Models for the software and hardware development process
3.13 Safety function and integrity
3.14 Safety Life Cycle
3.15 Techniques and measures for achieving safety
3.16 System description, system modeling
3.16.1 OPM (Object Process Methodology)
3.16.2 AADL (Architecture Analysis & Design Language)
3.16.3 UML (Unified Modeling Language)3.16.4 AltaRica / AltaRica DF
3.16.5 VHDL (Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language)
3.16.6 BOM (Base Object Model)
3.16.7 SysML (Systems Modeling Language)
3.17 System simulation
3.18 System analysis methods
3.19 Forms of documentation
3.20 Questions
3.21 Answers
4 Introduction to system analysis
4.1 Overview
4.2 Definition of a system
4.3 Boundaries of the system
4.4 Theoretical vs. practical system audit
4.5 Inductive and deductive system analysis methods
4.6 Forms of documentation
4.7 Failure space and success space
4.8 Overview diagram
4.9 Black swans
4.10 Failure and fault
4.11 Types of failures
4.12 Safety and reliability
4.13 Redundancies
4.14 Active and passive components
4.15 Standby
4.16 Optimization of resources
4.17 Combination of failures
4.18 Summary and outlook
4.19 Questions
4.20 Answers
5 Introduction to system analysis methods
5.1 Overview5.2 Parts Count approach
5.3 FMEA
5.4 FMECA
5.5 FTA
5.6 ETA
5.7 HA
5.8 FHA
5.9 DFM
5.10 Summary and Outlook
5.11 Questions
5.12 Answers
6 Fault Tree Analysis
6.1 Overview
6.2 Introduction to Fault Tree Analysis
6.3 Definitions
6.3.1 Basic event and top event
6.3.2 Cut sets, minimal cut sets, and their order
6.3.3 Multiple occurring events and branches
6.3.4 Exposure time
6.4 Process of Fault Tree Analysis
6.5 Fundamental concepts
6.5.1 The I-N-S concept
6.5.2 The SS-SC concept
6.5.3 The P-S-C concept
6.6 Construction rules
6.7 Mathematical basics for the computation of Fault Tree
6.8 Computation of minimal cut sets
6.8.1 Top-Down method
6.8.2 Bottom-Up method
6.9 Dual Fault Trees
6.10 Probability of the top event
6.11 Importance measures6.11.1 Importance of a minimal cut set
6.11.2 Top contribution importance
6.11.3 Risk Reduction Worth (RRW)
6.11.4 Risk Achievement Worth (RAW)
6.11.5 Birnbaum importance measure 1
6.12 Extensions of classical Fault Tree Analysis
6.12.1 Time- and mode-dependent Fault Trees
6.12.2 Dynamic Fault Tree Analysis6.12.3 Dependent basic events
6.12.4 Fuzzy probabilities
6.13 Summary and outlook
6.14 Questions
6.15 Answers
7 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
7.1 Overview7.2 Introduction to FMEA
7.2.1 General aspects of the FMEA method
7.2.2 FMEA application options
7.2.3 Sorts of FMEA
7.3 Execution of an FMEA
7.3.1 Preparation
7.3.2 Step 1: Structural analysis
7.3.3 Step 2: Functional analysis7.3.4 Step 3: Failure analysis
7.3.5 Step 4: Measure analysis (semi-quantification)
7.3.6 Step 5: Optimization
7.4 FMEA form sheet
7.4.1 Introduction
7.4.2 Columns
7.5 Evaluation table
7.6 RPN
7.7 Probability of default7.8 Norms and standards
7.9 Extensions of classical FMEA
7.9.1 Weighting and risk factors
7.9.2 Feasibility assessment
7.9.3 Risk map
7.9.4 FMECA
7.9.5 FMEDA
7.10 Relation to other methods
7.11 Disadvantages of FMEA
7.12 Summary and outlook
7.13 Questions
7.14 Answers
7.15 An example of FMEDA
7.15.1 Overview
7.15.2 System description
7.15.3 Task
8 Hazard analysis
8.1 Overview
8.2 General aspects
8.3 Hazard Log
8.4 Preliminary Hazard List
8.5 Preliminary Hazard Analysis
8.6 Subsystem Hazard Analysis
8.7 System Hazard Analysis
8.8 Operating and Support Hazard Analysis
8.9 Comparison of the Hazard Analysis worksheets8.10 Evaluation of risks
8.10.1 Risk map
8.10.2 Risk graph
8.10.3 Computation of SIL
8.11 Allocation of the different types of hazard analysis to the development cycle
8.12 Standardization process
8.13 Tabular summary of use of different types of tabular analyses
8.14 Additional material
8.15 Questions
8.16 Answers
9 Reliability prediction
9.1 Overview
9.2 Reliability and dependability
9.3 Embedding “reliability prediction” into the range of system analysis methods
9.3.1 Failure modes analysis9.3.2 Reliability prediction
9.3.3 System state analysis
9.4 Software
9.5 Failure
9.6 Demand modes for safety functions
9.7 Failure density
9.8 Failure rate
9.9 Bathtub curve
9.10 Standards
9.10.1 General design
9.10.2 MIL-HDBK-217
9.10.3 SN29500 (Siemens)
9.10.4 Telcordia
9.10.5 217-Plus
9.10.6 NSWC
9.10.7 IEC TR 62380
9.10.8 IEEE Gold Book (IEEE STD 493-1997)
9.10.9 SAE (PREL 5.0)
9.10.10 GJB/Z 299B9.10.11 FIDES
9.11 Summary and outlook
9.12 Additional material
9.13 Questions
9.14 Answers
10 Models for hardware and software development processes
10.1 Overview
10.2 Properties of the software development models
10.2.1 Incremental versus big bang development
10.2.2 Iterative development
10.2.3 Linear development
10.2.4 Agile software development
10.3 Example development models
10.3.1 Waterfall Model
10.3.2 Spiral Model
10.3.3 V-Model
10.3.4 Rational Unified Process (RUP)
10.3.5 Scrum
10.4 Questions
10.5 Answers
11 The standard IEC 61508 and its Safety Life Cycle
11.1 Overview
11.2 History of the standard
11.3 Structure of the standard
11.4 Reminder
11.5 Definitions
11.6 Safety function
11.7 Safety Life Cycle
11.8 More detailed description of some phases
11.8.1 Phase 1: Concept
11.8.2 Phase 2: Overall scope definition
11.8.3 Phase 3: Hazard and risk analysis
11.8.4 Phase 4: Overall safety requirements
11.8.5 Phase 5: Overall safety requirements allocation11.8.6 Phases 6 to 8: Overall operation and maintance planning, overall safety validation planning, and overall installation and commissioning planning
11.8.7 Phase 9: E/E/PE system safety requirements specification
11.8.8 Phase 10: E/E/PE safety-realted systems: realisation
11.8.9 Phases 11 to 16: Other risk reduction measures, overall installation and commissioning, overall safety validation, overall operation maintenance and repair, overall modification and retrofit, and decommissioning or disposal
11.9 Summary of requirements for safety functions
11.10 Questions
11.11 Answers
12 Requirements for safety-critical systems
12.1 Overview
12.2 Context
12.3 Definitions
12.3.1 Safety and risk
12.3.2 Highly available and safety critical systems12.3.3 Safety requirement
12.4 Properties of safety requirements
12.4.1 Functional vs. non-functional safety requirements
12.4.2 Active vs. passive safety requirements
12.4.3 Technical vs. non-technical safety requirements
12.4.4 Concrete vs. abstract safety requirements
12.4.5 Cause- vs. effect-oriented safety requirements
12.4.6 Static vs. dynamic safety requirements
12.4.7 Standardized requirements
12.4.8 Qualitative vs. quantitative safety requirements
12.4.9 System-specific vs. module-specific safety requirements
12.4.10 Time-critical safety requirements
12.4.11 System safety properties
12.5 Evaluating the properties
12.6 Questions
12.7 Answers13 Semi-formal modeling of multi-technological systems I: UML
13.1 Overview
13.2 Properties (classification) of multi-technological systems
13.3 History
13.4 Limitations and possibilities of UML
13.5 UML in the literature
13.5.1 Scientific activity around UML
13.5.2 Standard books
13.6 UML diagrams
13.6.1 Class Diagram
13.6.2 Classifier
13.6.3 Composite Structure Diagram
13.6.4 State Diagram/State Machine
13.6.5 Sequence Diagram
13.6.6 Timing Diagram
13.6.7 Further UML diagrams
13.6.8 Profiles13.6.9 SysML Requirement Diagram
13.6.10 Example diagrams for single device
13.6.11 Example diagrams for separate devices
13.6.12 Example diagrams for separate devices with independent physical criteria
13.6.13 Example diagrams for a bread cutter
13.6.14 Types of safety requirements
13.7 Questions
13.8 Answers
14 Semi-formal modeling of multi-technological systems II: SysML beyond the Requirements Diagram
14.1 Overview
14.2 History
14.3 Overview of diagrams
14.3.1 Block Definition Diagram
14.3.2 Internal Block Diagram
14.3.3 Activity Diagram14.3.4 State Machine Diagram
14.3.5 Use Case Diagram
14.4 Tasks and questions
14.5 Answers
15 Combination of system analysis methods
15.1 Overview
15.2 SysML before system analysis methods
15.3 Combination of hazard analyses and other system analysis methods15.4 From FMEA to FTA
15.5 Combination of component FTAs to a system FTA
15.6 Fault isolation procedure
15.7 Further reading
15.8 Questions
15.9 Answers
16 Error detecting and correcting codes
16.1 Overview
16.2 Parity bit
16.3 Hamming code
16.4 CRC Checksums
16.5 Assessment of bit error detecting and correcting codes for a sample system
16.5.1 The sample problem
16.5.2 Assumptions
16.5.3 The simulation program and running time
16.5.4 Results16.6 Error detecting and correcting codes in the standard IEC 61508
16.7 Questions
16.8 Answers
17 Index
18 Abbreviations
19 Mathematical notations
20 List of figures and tables
21 Literature EndNote
22 Literature Citavi
23 Publication bibliography
This book provides basics and selected advanced insights on how to generate reliability, safety and resilience within (socio) technical system developments. The focus is on working definitions, fundamental development processes, safety development processes and analytical methods on how to support such schemes. The method families of Hazard Analyses, Failure Modes and Effects Analysis and Fault Tree Analysis are explained in detail. Further main topics include semiformal graphical system modelling, requirements types, hazard log, reliability prediction standards, techniques and measures for reliable hardware and software with respect to systematic and statistical errors, and combination options of methods. The book is based on methods as applied during numerous applied research and development projects and the support and auditing of such projects, including highly safety-critical automated and autonomous systems. Numerous questions and answers challenge students and practitioners.
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