Swarm Planning: The Development of a Planning Methodology to Deal with Climate Adaptation » książka
Swarm Planning: The Development of a Planning Methodology to Deal with Climate Adaptation
ISBN-13: 9789402407341 / Angielski / Miękka / 2016 / 286 str.
Swarm Planning: The Development of a Planning Methodology to Deal with Climate Adaptation
ISBN-13: 9789402407341 / Angielski / Miękka / 2016 / 286 str.
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This book outlines the concept, strategies and techniques for swarm planning. It opens a new, more flexible way of thinking about how to plan for and respond to climate adaptation, based on the behavior of swarms in nature.
Table of Contents
Summary
Introduction
Chapter One
Introduction, Methodology, Limitations
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Climate Change
1.3 Climate Adaptation
1.4 Spatial Planning
1.5 Complexity and Time Horizons
1.6 Problem Statement, Objective, Point of Departure and Research Questions
1.7 Methodology
1.8 Limitations
1.9 Key Concepts and Timeline
1.10 The Chapters
The Bridge: One-Two
Chapter Two
Towards a Spatial Planning Framework for Climate Adaptation
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Problem Statement
2.3 Objective
2.4 Methodology
2.5 Literature Review
2.5.1 Adaptive and Dynamic Approaches in Spatial Planning
2.5.2 The Spatial Properties of Complex Adaptive Systems
2.6 The Framework
2.6.1 Aggregated Spatial Elements
2.6.2 Definition of Time Rhythms: Layers
2.6.3 Linking Spatial Elements with Layers
2.7 Validation
2.7.1 Prevailing Regional Plan
2.7.2 A Climate-Adaptive Regional Plan
2.7.3 Conclusion
2.8 Discussion
2.9 Conclusion
The Bridge: Two-Three
Chapter Three
Developing a Planning Theory for Wicked Problems: Swarm Planning
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Problem Statement
3.3 Approach
3.4 Current Planning Paradigms
3.4.1 A Selection of Prevailing Planning Paradigms
3.4.2 A review of Two Years of Planning Journals
3.5 Exploring Complexity
3.5.1 Complexity Theory
3.5.2 Cities as Complex Systems
3.5.3 Use of Complexity in Planning
3.5.4 Proposition: Swarm Planning
3.5.5 Bendigo
3.6 Conclusion
The Bridge: Three-Four
Chapter Four
Incremental Change, Transition or Transformation? Optimising Change Pathways for Climate Adaptation in Spatial Planning
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Research Approach
4.3 Analysis of Change Processes
4.3.1 Incremental Change
4.3.2 Transition
4.3.3 Transformation
4.4 Comparison
4.4.1 Criteria
4.4.2 Comparison
4.5 Theorising Transformation
4.6 Signals
4.6.1 Early Warning
4.6.2 Creation
4.7 Application in the Peat Colonies
4.8 Conclusion
The Bridge: Four-Five
Chapter Five
The Use of Spatial Planning to Increase the Resilience for Future Turbulence in the Spatial System of the Groningen Region to Deal with Climate Change
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Background
5.2.1 Climate Change
5.2.2 Challenges of Complexity in Planning
5.3 The Groningen Case
5.3.1 Understanding the System: Mapping Climate and Energy Potentials
5.3.2 Improving Resilience: Use of Swarm Planning Paradigm
5.3.3 Strategic Interventions: the Groningen Impulses
5.3.4 Steer the Swarm
5.4 The Groningen Case Discussed
5.4.1 Mapping
5.4.2 Idea Map
5.4.3 Interventions
5.4.4 In the Real World
5.5 Conclusions
The Bridge: Five-Six
Chapter Six
Swarming Landscapes, New Pathways for Resilient Cities
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Dealing with Uncertainty
6.3 Swarms
6.4 Complex Adaptive Spatial Systems
6.5 Swarm Planning
6.6 Swarm Planning Example: Floodable Landscape
6.7 Conclusion and Discussion
The Bridge: Six-Seven
Chapter Seven
Quadruple the Potential: Scaling the Energy Supply
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Supra-Regional Scale: North Netherlands
7.3 The Regional Scale: Groningen
7.4 The City-Neighbourhood Scale: Almere East and Hoogezand
7.4.1 Almere East
7.4.2 Hoogezand: The Green Campaign
7.4.3 Experiences with Energy Potential Studies
7.5 The Building Scale: River House Mildura
7.6 Interdependencies
7.7 Discussion
The Bridge: Seven-Eight
Chapter Eight
Beyond the Ordinary: Innovative Spatial Energy Framework Offers Perspectives on Increased Energy and Carbon Objectives
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Problem
8.3 Hypothesis
8.4 State of the Art in Renewable Energy Thinking
8.5 Energy and Spatial Planning: an Underestimated Relationship
8.6 Towards an Innovative Methodology: the Groningen Case
8.6.1 Energy Potential Mapping (EPM)
8.6.2 Conceptual Design
8.6.3 Swarm Planning
8.6.4 Findings
8.7 Conclusions
The Bridge: Eight-Nine
Chapter Nine
Swarm Planning for Climate Change: An Alternative Pathway for Resilience
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Methodology
9.3 Analysis
9.3.1 Climate Change
9.3.2 Spatial Planning
9.4 Problem Statement
9.5 Swarm Planning
9.5.1 Complexity
9.5.2 The Layer Approach
9.5.3 Key Elements of Swarm Planning
9.5.4 Application of the Theory
9.6 Comparing Regular Planning with Swarm Planning<
9.6.1 The Province of Groningen
9.6.1.1 Regional Plan
9.6.1.2 Zero-Fossil Region
9.6.1.3 Findings
9.6.2 The Peat Colonies
9.6.2.1 Agenda for the Peat Colonies
9.6.2.2 Net Carbon-Capture Landscape
9.6.2.3 Findings
9.7 Conclusion and Discussion
The Bridge: Nine-Ten
Chapter Ten
Conclusion, Discussion and Recommendations
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Research Questions
10.3 Primary Research Question One: Developing a Planning Framework
10.3.1 Research Question A
10.3.2 Research Question B
10.3.3 Research Question C
10.3.4 Research Question D
10.3.5 Summary of the Findings PRQ1
10.4 Primary Research Question Two: Application of the Planning Framework
10.4.1 Research Question E
10.4.2 Research Question F
10.4.3 Research Question G
10.4.4 Research Question H
10.4.5 Additional Analysis: The Bendigo Design
10.4.6 BAU and Swarm Planning Compared
10.4.7 Summary of the Findings PRQ2
10.5 Swarm Planning Framework
10.6 Discussion
10.6.1 Limitations of the Framework
10.6.2 Use and Outcomes of the Framework
10.6.3 Weaknesses of the Framework
10.6.4 Reflection on Research Process
10.6.5 Final Recommendations
This book shows that the problem of climate adaptation, which is described in social planning terms as ‘wicked,’ is at odds with the contemporary practice of spatial planning. The author proposes a new adjusted framework which is more adaptable to unpredictable, wicked, dynamic and non-linear processes. The inspiration for this new method is the behaviour of swarms: bees, ants, birds and fish are capable of self-organization, which enables the system to become less vulnerable to sudden environmental changes. The framework proposed in Swarm Planning consists of these four elements: Two levels of complexity, the first being the whole system and the second its individual components. Each of these has different attributes for adapting to change. Five layers, consisting of networks, focal points, unplanned space, natural resources and emerging occupation patterns. Each layer has its own spatial dynamic, and each is connected to a spatial scale. Non-linear processes, which emerge in different parts of the framework and include emerging patterns, connectedness and tipping points among others. Two planning processes; the first, ‘from small to large’ works upward from the slowest changing elements to more rapidly-changing ones. The second, ‘on the list of partners’ addresses each layer from networks through emerging occupation patterns. Swarm Planning applies this framework to a series of pilot studies, and appraises its performance using criteria for an adaptive landscape. The results show that the use of the Swarm Planning Framework reduces the vulnerability of landscapes as well as the impact of climate hazards and disasters, improves response to unexpected hazards and contains adaptation strategies.
“This book is a must for planners in government and the private sector as it outlines the concept, strategies and techniques for swarm planning. It is also an important guide for policymakers looking to engage communities in a dialogue about the adaptation planning process.”
Professor John Martin, La Trobe University
“The ultimate value of the book lies in encouraging the planning community to consider options that go far beyond those offered by business-as-usual planning methodologies developed for a set of operating conditions that are fast becoming obsolete. As such it makes an important and much needed contribution to the field.”
Assistant Professor Dr. Chrisna du Plessis, University of Pretoria
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