Suspended Matter in the Aquatic Environment

ISBN-13: 9783642777240 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 315 str.

Doeke Eisma

Opis

The purpose of this book is to give an introduction to the most important aspects of suspended matter in the aquatic environment: its origin and composition, the concentration distribution, transport and deposition, and the most important physical-chemical-bio logical process that affects suspended matter: flocculation. In Chap ter 1 the development of suspended matter observation and study throughout history is given, with the coming of a more modern approach during the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, and the development of the present science of suspended matter after 1945. The sources of suspended matter in rivers, lakes, estuaries, and the sea are discussed in Chapter 2, which includes the supply of detrital particles as well as the formation of new particles in the water (organic matter, carbonate, opal). The concentration distribution of suspended matter in rivers, lakes, estuaries, tidal is discussed in Chapter 3, to which is areas, lagoons, and in the sea added a discussion on the sampling of suspended matter and on methods to determine its concentration. Particle composition is treated in Chapter 4, to which is added a section (4. 6) on the compositional analysis of suspended particles. Also included is a discussion on particle surface characteristics and the adsorption of elements and compounds onto particles."

Spis treści

1 Introduction.- 1.1 Suspended Matter Observations in History.- 1.2 Development of a More Quantitative Approach.- 1.3 Suspended Matter Transport Studies.- 2 Sources of Suspended Matter.- 2.1 Suspended Matter in Rivers.- 2.1.1 Storage of Sediment.- 2.1.2 Particulate Organic Matter in Rivers.- 2.2 Suspended Matter in Lakes.- 2.2.1 River Supply and Primary Production.- 2.2.2 Calcite Particles.- 2.2.3 Opal Particles.- 2.2.4 Resuspended Particles.- 2.3 Suspended Matter in Estuaries.- 2.3.1 Supply of Biogenic Material.- 2.4 Suspended Matter in the Sea.- 3 Concentration Distribution and Sampling of Suspended Matter.- 3.1 Concentration Distribution and Sampling of Suspended Matter.- 3.1.1 In Rivers.- 3.1.2 In Lakes.- 3.1.3 In Estuaries, Tidal Channels, and Coastal Lagoons.- 3.1.4 In the Sea.- 3.2 Sampling Suspended Matter and Determination of Suspended Matter Concentration.- 3.2.1 Water Sampling and Filtration.- 3.2.2 Light Scattering and Radiation Measurements.- 3.2.3 Acoustic Methods.- 3.2.4 Remote sensing.- 3.3 Sediment Traps.- 4 Particle Composition.- 4.1 Mineral Particles.- 4.2 Biogenic Particles.- 4.3 Adsorbed Elements and Compounds.- 4.4 Stable and Radioactive Isotopes.- 4.5 The Scavenging Process.- 4.6 Determination of Suspended Particle Composition.- 4.6.1 Analysis of Suspended Matter Composition.- 4.6.1.1 Bulk Analysis.- 4.6.1.2 Single Particle Analysis.- 5 Transport of Suspended Matter.- 5.1 Turbulence.- 5.1.1 Statistical Description.- 5.1.2 Size of Turbulent Eddies.- 5.1.3 Diffusion by Turbulence.- 5.2 Transport of Suspended Matter.- 5.2.1 Estimating Suspended Matter Transport.- 5.2.2 Other Approaches to Suspended Matter Transport.- 5.2.2.1 The Energy Model.- 5.2.2.2 The Gravitational Theory.- 5.2.2.3 Stochastic Models.- 5.2.2.4 Three-Dimensional Models.- 5.3 Initiation of Particle Motion (Scour, Erosion, Resuspension).- 5.4 Transport by Surface Waves.- 5.5 Particle Settling.- 5.6 Particle Deposition.- 5.7 Stratification.- 5.7.1 Density Gradients.- 5.7.2 Internal Waves.- 5.8 Autosuspension.- 6 Particle Size.- 6.1 Flocculation of Suspended Matter.- 6.1.1 Salt Flocculation.- 6.1.2 Particle Collision.- 6.1.3 Floc Formation by Bubbles.- 6.1.4 Coatings.- 6.1.5 Flocculation by Organisms.- 6.1.6 Floc Breakup.- 6.1.7 Floc Structure: Floc Types.- 6.1.8 Final Remarks on Flocculation.- 6.2 Floc Density and Settling Velocity.- 6.3 Grain Size in Relation to Particle Size: Size Sorting.- 6.3.1 Size Spectra in the Ocean.- 6.3.2 Size Spectra of Constituent Grains.- 6.4 Measuring Particle Size.- 7 Transport Systems and Fluxes of Suspended Matter.- 7.1 In Rivers.- 7.2 In Lakes.- 7.3 Transport and Fluxes in Estuaries.- 7.3.1 Constraints on Particle Transport Through Estuaries.- 7.3.2 Saltwedge Estuaries.- 7.3.3 Tidally Mixed Estuaries.- 7.3.4 Estimates of Particle Flux Through Estuaries from Numerical Models.- 7.3.5 Tracer Studies in Estuaries.- 7.3.6 Sediment Balance Estimates.- 7.4 Intertidal Areas.- 7.5 Fjords.- 7.6 The Continental Shelf.- 7.6.1 Dispersal of River-Supplied Suspended Matter.- 7.6.2 Dispersal of Suspended Matter from Coasts (Beaches, Inlets, Eroded Coasts).- 7.6.3 Suspended Matter and Mud Deposits on the Inner and Middle Shelf.- 7.6.4 Suspended Matter on the Outer Shelf.- 7.6.5 In-Situ Measurements and Modeling.- 7.7 Suspended Matter in Canyons and Along the Continental Slope.- 7.8 Suspended Matter in the Ocean.- 7.8.1 Particle Transport in the Ocean.- 7.8.2 The Vertical Particle Flux.- 7.8.3 Particle Fluxes in Relation to Organic Production.- 7.8.4 Compositional Changes.