Superfine Particle Technology

ISBN-13: 9781447118107 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 223 str.

Noboru Ichinose; Yoshiharu Ozaki; Seiichiro Kashu

Opis

If a substance is repeatedly subdivided, the result is what are known as "microscopic particles." These particles are distinguished from the solid mass which they originally formed by the size of the surface area per unit weight. This simple difference holds true down to a certain lower size limit, and when this limit is exceeded, a new state of matter is reached, in which the behavior of the particles is quite different to that of the original solid. Particles in this state are termed "superfine particles," and are distinct from ordinary particles. The size of the superfine particles, that is to say the size limit below which particle behavior is completely different from the behavior of the original solid, varies a good deal depending on the physical properties of the substance in question. Properties such as magnetism and electrical resistance are closely related to the internal structural properties of the particles themselves, such as the magnetization processes of their respective magnetic domains, and the mean free path of charged bodies. This internal structure therefore limits the size of the superfine particles. In ceramic processing, on the other hand, the surface area of the particles themselves becomes an even more important factor than their internal structure. In this case, the size of the superfine particles is determined by the interaction between water and solvents on the surface of the particles.

Spis treści

1 Fundamentals of Superfine Particles.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Properties of Superfine Particles.- 1.3 Volume Effect in Superfine Particles.- 1.4 Surface Effect in Superfine Particles.- 1.5 Interaction Between Superfine Particles.- 2 Physics of Superfine Particles.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Structure and Form.- 2.3 Properties.- 2.3.1 Magnetism.- 2.3.2 Lowering of Melting Point and Sintering Onset Temperature.- 2.3.3 Optical Properties.- 2.3.4 Active Surface.- 2.3.5 Surface and Surface Stability.- 3 Chemistry of Superfine Particles.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Adsorption.- 3.2.1 Adsorption of Non-electrolytes.- 3.2.2 Adsorption of Electrolytes.- 3.2.3 Adsorption of Macromolecules.- 3.3 Particle Dispersion.- 3.3.1 Peptization Method.- 3.3.2 Comminution Method.- 3.3.3 Agglomeration Method.- 3.4 Particle Flocculation.- 3.5 Rheology.- 3.5.1 Viscosity in Model Disperse Systems.- 3.5.2 Viscosity in a Kaolin Disperse System.- 3.5.3 Effect of the Electrical Double Layer on Viscosity.- 3.5.4 Relationship Between Viscosity and Shearing Stress in a Ceramic Disperse System.- 3.5.5 Viscosity of Magnetic Fluids.- 3.6 Gels.- 3.6.1 Producing Gels.- 3.6.2 Drying Gels.- 3.6.3 Firing Gels.- 4 Physical Manufacturing Processes.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Milling Method.- 4.3 Build-up Method.- 4.3.1 Outline.- 4.3.2 Gas Evaporation Method.- 4.3.3 Active Hydrogen-Molten Metal Reaction Method.- 4.3.4 Sputtering Method.- 4.3.5 Method of Vacuum Evaporation to Running Oil Surface (VEROS).- 4.3.6 Method of Evaporation Using Direct Electrical Current Heating.- 4.3.7 Hybrid Plasma Method.- 4.4 Outlook for Further Technological Developments in the Production of Superfine Particles.- 4.5 Handling of Superfine Particles.- 5 Chemical Manufacturing Processes.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Precipitation.- 5.2.1 Coprecipitation.- 5.2.2 Compound Precipitation.- 5.3 Hydrolysis.- 5.3.1 Hydrolysis of Inorganic Salts.- 5.3.2 Alkoxide Hydrolysis.- 5.4 Atomization.- 5.4.1 Atomized Drying.- 5.4.2 Atomized Hydrolysis.- 5.4.3 Atomizing and Calcining.- 5.5 Oxidation-Reduction Method.- 5.5.1 Oxidation in Liquid Phase.- 5.5.2 Hydrothermal Oxidation.- 5.6 Freeze Drying.- 5.7 Laser Synthesis.- 5.8 Spark Discharge.- 6 Applications of Superfine Particles.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Use of Superfine Particles in Electronic Materials.- 6.2.1 Thick Film Materials.- 6.2.2 Mounting Materials.- 6.3 Use of Superfine Particles in Magnetic Materials.- 6.3.1 Magnetic Recording Media.- 6.3.2 Magnetic Fluids.- 6.4 Use of Superfine Particles in Optical Materials.- 6.4.1 Optical Fiber Materials.- 6.4.2 Infrared Reflection Film Materials.- 6.5 Use of Superfine Particles in High Strength, High Toughness Materials.- 6.5.1 High Strength Materials.- 6.5.2 High Toughness Materials.- 6.6 Use of Superfine Particles in Catalyst Materials.- 6.6.1 Metal Superfine Particle Homogenous Catalysts.- 6.6.2 Carrier Metal Catalysts.- 6.7 Use of Superfine Particles in Sensor Materials.- 6.7.1 Optical Sensor Materials.- 6.7.2 Infrared Sensor Materials.