Submarine Cables Protection and Regulations: A Comparative Analysis and Model Framework

ISBN-13: 9789811634383 / Angielski / Miękka / 2022

Utpal Kumar Raha;Raju K. D.

Opis

This book highlights the critical importance of laying, quick relinking, and protecting submarine cables with timely approval for carriers and cable repairing ships and how these are most challenging in many jurisdictions. It identifies that a dedicated national instrument on submarine cable as a way forward is yet to be appreciated by many States, and presently, there is no model legal framework for national instruments on submarine cables available. To bridge these gaps, the book undertakes a systematic inquiry and analysis of submarine cable regimes' and relevant authorities. It consults existing knowledge on international law on cables and analyzes specific principles and provisions on laying repair and maintenance of submarine cables and states’ obligations towards protecting cables from vulnerabilities. It touches upon cable regulation in the deep sea concerning the International Seabed Authority and proposed biodiversity agreement. It indicates suitable measures on cable laying, etc., and security risks in the marine space beyond the national jurisdictions. To map States’ response, it explores the domestic cable regimes, including both the selected jurisdictions and Australia and New Zealand, analyses specific legal provisions and institutional set-up, and demonstrates state practices, approaches, and loopholes in the governance of the cable system within national jurisdictions.  The book suggests adopting the spatial ocean management approach, dedicated regulatory authority, a competent enforcement agency, strict liability with exemplary punishment on cable damage, and the cable system to strengthen the cable system's management. Finally, it arranges the fundamental premises of a common minimum framework for national instruments seeking coastal states’ deliberations in implementing initiatives towards a robust law and policy for reliability, resiliency, and security of the cable system. The cable industries, pipeline, fishing, shipping industries, academicians, government authorities, international bodies, and the maritime community worldwide are looking at the issues and challenges of submarine cable regimes, particularly national regimes and suggestive remedial measures. These stakeholders will find the book a useful reference.

Spis treści

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1      Background 

1.2      Submarine Cables

1.3      Law on Submarine Cables

1.4      Identification of the Research Problem

1.5 Literature Review

1.6 Research Methodology

1.7   The scope of the Study

1.11   Chapterization

Chapter 2: Submarine Cables: Key Principles and International Law of the Sea

2.1      Background

2.2      Growth, Importance, and Challenges to the Submarine Cable

            Infrastructure

2.3      Laying and Protection of Submarine Cable  Requirement of

Regulation on Marine Affairs

2.3.1 freedom of NAVIGATION, fishing and terrorism and submarine cables

2.4      Fundamental Principles and International Instruments on             Submarine Cables

2.5    Convention for the Protection of Telegraph Cables 1884

(the Cable Convention 1884)

2.6      The League of Nations Conference for the Codification of International law 1930  at the Hague (Hague Conference)

2.7      UNCLOS I- 1958

2.8      UNCLOS II- 1960

2.9      UNCLOS III 1982 –laying and the protection of submarine

            Cables

2.10   International Institutional Framework Dealing with the

            Submarine Cables

2.11   Draft Convention for the Protection and Repair of  Submarine

            Cable Infrastructure

2.12     regulation of cables in deep sea bed in relation to the international seabed authority and proposed biodiversity agreement

2.13 Ambiguities in the International Regime on Submarine Cables

 and   the Way Forward

2.13.1 (highlights on the international instrument on laying of cables

2.13.2  International insturemtn on cables’ vulnerabilities from human aggression)

2.14 Summary

Chapter 3: Challenges to the Laying and Protection of Submarine Cable in Selected Jurisdictions - A Legal & Comparative Analysis

3.1      Introduction

3.2      Basis for Identification of the Selected Jurisdictions

3.3      Legal Analysis of the Law on Submarine Cables in Selected Jurisdictions- An Overview

            3.3.1 Asia 

                        3.3.1.1 India

                        3.3.1.2 China

                         3.3.1.3 Singapore

                        3.3.1.4 Indonesia-Regulation of Submarine Cables 1999

                                        (KM. No. 94 Tahun 1999)

                        3.3.1.5 Japan

                        3.3.1.6 Vietnam-The Directive, viz. On Strengthening the

                                          Protection of Submarine Cables and Ensuring the

                                          Safety of International Telecommunications 2007

            3.3.2. European Union

                        3.3.2.1 EU Conventions and Guidelines

                        3.3.2.2 United Kingdom 

                                    3.3.2.2.1 Marine and Coastal Access Act of 2009

                        3.3.2.3 France 

            3.3.3 North America

                        3.3.3.1 United States of America

                        3.3.3.2 Canada 

                                    3.3.3.2.1 The case before the Federal Court of Trial Division

                                    3.3.3.2.2 The Case before the Federal Court of Appeal Canada

                                    3.3.3.2.3 The Case before the Supreme Court of Canada

            3.3.4 South America

                        3.3.4.1 Argentina

                        3.3.4.2 Chili 

                        3.3.4.3 Columbia 

                        3.3.4.4 Uruguay

            3.3.5 Africa 

                        3.3.5.1 Ghana

3.4      Comparative and Legal Analysis on Legal Instruments and

Other Arrangements across the Selected Jurisdictions & Comparative Chart on Instruments on Submarine Cables in the Selected Jurisdictions

3.5      Final Report – Protection of Submarine Cables

             through Spatial Separation 

3.6      Reliability of Global Undersea Communications Cable Infrastructure (ROGUCCI) 

3.7      Summary

 

Chapter 4: An Integrated Approach towards

                        Submarine Cables in Australia and New

Zealand- A Way Forward

4.1      Introduction

4.2      Australia and New Zealand- Dedicated Legal Regimes on

            Submarine Cable

4.3      Australia

            4.3.1 Background of Schedule 3A 

            4.3.2 Definition and Scope of the Schedule 

            4.3.3 Schedule 3A and the ACMA Act on Protection Zone related to

                        Submarine Cables 

            4.3.4 Schedule 3A and the ACMA Act on Protection Zone Related

                        Prohibited and Restricted Activities 

            4.3.5 Schedule 3A and the ACMA Act on Submarine Cables

                        Installation Permits 

            4.3.6 Offences and Penalties under Schedule 3A and ACMA Act 

            4.3.7 Claims, Indemnity, and Compensation 

            4.3.8 Liability and Enforcement 

4.4      New Zealand 

            4.4.1 Scope of the 1996 Act of New Zealand 

            4.4.2 Protected Area for Submarine Cables 

            4.4.3 Protection and Enforcement Officer & Seizure and Forfeiture

                        of Property and Enforcement 

            4.4.4 Compensation and Indemnity & Liability and Offense 

4.5      Comparative Analysis between submarine cables regimes of

             australia and New Zealand

4.6      Summary 

 

Chapter 5: Conclusion and Suggestions 

5.1      Final Objective and Conclusion to each of the Objectives

of the Study

5.2      Findings 

5.3      Suggestions 

5.4      Draft Model Law on National Instrument on Submarine Cable

5.4.1 Executive Summary 

5.4.2 Purpose of the Model

5.4.3 Guiding Principles of the Model Law

5.4.4 Structure of the Model Law 

5.4.5 Proposed Draft Model Framework 

5.5      Closing Remarks 

O autorze

Utpal Kumar Raha is a former Research Scholar at Rajiv Gandhi School of IP Law, IIT Kharagpur, India. His research interest is ocean law and policy. He has been writing in the area of underwater cable law and policy and maritime security, marine conservation in peer-reviewed journals and also presented research papers in conferences held in Asia and Europe. Before that, he has qualified for University Grand Commission National Eligibility Test in 2013, and masters in law from the Hidayatullah National Law University, Raipur, a reputed institution among the national law schools in India.

 

Raju K.D. is Professor of Law at Rajiv Gandhi School of IP Law, IIT Kharagpur, India. He has several books and book chapters to his credit in addition to papers in international journals. His research interests are WTO law, IP and competition law, and Law of the Sea, Air & Space.