Structure and Fiber Connections of the Hippocampus: A Comparative Study

ISBN-13: 9783540130925 / Angielski / Miękka / 1984 / 76 str.

Walter K. Schwerdtfeger

Opis

Of all cytoarchitectonic structures in the brain of mammals, the hippocampus is perhaps the most conspicuous because of its unusual macroscopic and micro- scopic appearance. During phylogeny, the hippocampus has developed from a single cortical plate in amphibia into a complicated, three-dimensional convo- luted structure in mammals. Because of its clear lamination into axonal, perikaryal, and dendritic layers, the hippocampus has often been considered a simple cortex model. Indeed, this trilaminated construction resembles perhaps the least complicated type of neuronal cortex. There is a large literature describing hippocampal morphology in many species with respect to cytoarchitectonics, fiberarchitectonics, angioar- chitectonics, chemoarchitectonics, synaptology, and fine structure. On the other hand, up to the present day there has been no generally accepted concept on the main functions of the hippocampus, although many studies dealing with its physiological and biochemical properties and its possible influences on behav- ior have provided some valuable indications. Early investigators described the hippocampus as being a part of the "rhinen- cephalon" (e. g. Zuckerkandl 1887), together with other allocortical structures, such as the olfactory bulb, olfactory tubercle, and piriform lobe. Thus, the hippocampus was assigned to the olfactory system, and it was not until improved degeneration techniques were applied that this error could be corrected. It be- came clear that only part of the allocortical areas receive direct olfactory inputs, namely the retrobulbar region (anterior olfactory nucleus), precommissural hip- pocampus, olfactory tubercle, prepiriform region, periamygdalar region, and part of the entorhinal region.

Spis treści

1 Introduction.- 2 Materials and Methods.- 2.1 Animals Studied.- 2.2 Experimental Procedures.- 2.2.1 Stereotaxic Operations, Fixation, and Tracer Methods.- 2.2.2 Investigation of Untreated Brains.- 2.2.3 Photography.- 3 Nomenclature.- 4 Results.- 4.1 General and Special Remarks on the Macroscopic and Microscopic Anatomy of the Hippocampus.- 4.1.1 The Shrew.- 4.1.2 The Rat.- 4.1.3 The Tree Shrew.- 4.1.4 The Marmoset.- 4.1.5 The La Plata Dolphin.- 4.1.6 Conclusions and Comparisons with the Human Hippocampus.- 4.2 Fiber Connections of the Hippocampus.- 4.2.1 The Shrew.- 4.2.2 The Rat.- 4.2.3 The Tree Shrew.- 4.2.4 The Marmoset.- 5 Discussion.- 5.1 Size of the Hippocampus as Compared with the Telencephalon.- 5.2 Fiber Connections.- 5.3 Topical Hypotheses on the Function of the Hippocampus.- 5.3.1 Studies of Some Electrophysiological Properties of the Hippocampus.- 5.3.2 Studies of Experimental and Clinical Damage to the Hippocampus.- 5.4 Anatomic Contribution to Theories on Hippocampal Function.- 5.4.1 Internal Hippocampal Circuits.- 5.4.2 Septo-Hippocampal System.- 5.4.3 Temporo-Entorhino-Hippocampal System.- 5.4.4 Brain Stem Connections of the Hippocampus.- 5.4.5 Diencephalo-Hippocampal System.- 5.4.6 Conclusions.- 6 Summary.- 7 Acknowledgments.- 8 References.