Structure Determination by X-Ray Crystallography

ISBN-13: 9780306442902 / Angielski / Twarda / 1995 / 586 str.

M. F. C. Ladd

Opis

An introduction to structure determination by x-ray crystallography, primarily for final-year undergraduate studies in crystallography, chemistry, and chemical physics, and introductory postgraduate work in this area of crystallography. This substantially revised edition (2nd, 1985) adds a chapter o

Spis treści

1 Crystal Geometry.I.- 2 Crystal Geometry. II.- 3 Preliminary Examination of Crystals by Optical and X-ray Methods.- 4 Scattering of X-rays by Crystals.- 5 Fourier Transform Theory.- 6 Techniques in X-ray Structure Determination.- 7 Direct Methods and Refinement.- 8 Examples of Crystal Structure Determination.- A1 Stereoviews and Crystal Models.- A1.1 Stereoviews.- A1.2 Model of a Tetragonal Crystal.- A2 Crystallographic Point-Group Study and Recognition Scheme.- A3 Schoenflies’ Symmetry Notation.- A3.1 Alternating Axis of Symmetry.- A3.2 Notation.- A4 Generation and Properties of X-rays.- A4.1 X-rays and White Radiation.- A4.2 Characteristic X-rays.- A4.3 Absorption of X-rays.- A4.4 Filtered Radiation.- A5 Crystal Perfection and Intensity Measurement.- A5.1 Crystal Perfection.- A5.2 Intensity of Reflected Beam.- A5.3 Intensity Measurements on Photographs.- A5.4 Data Processing.- A5.4.1 Introduction.- A5.4.2 Standard Deviation of Intensity.- A5.4.3 Absorption Corrections.- A5.4.4 Scaling.- A5.4.5 Merging Equivalent Reflections.- A6 Transformations.- A7 Comments on Some Orthorhombic and Monoclinic Space Groups.- A7.1 Orthorhombic Space Groups.- A7.2 Monoclinic Space Groups.- A8 Vector Algebraic Relationships in Reciprocal Space.- A8.1 Introduction.- A8.2 Reciprocal Lattice.- A8.2.1 Interplanar Spacings.- A8.2.2 Volume of a Parallelepipedon.- A8.2.3 Reciprocity of Unit-Cell Volumes.- A8.2.4 Angle between Bravais Lattice Planes.- A8.2.5 Reciprocity of F and I Unit Cells.- A8.3 X-ray Diffraction and the Reciprocal Lattice.- A8.3.1 Bragg’s Equation.- A8.4 Crystal Setting.- A8.4.1 Setting Technique.- A9 Intensity Statistics.- A9.1 Weighted Reciprocal Lattice.- A9.1.1 Laue Symmetry.- A9.1.2 Systematic Absences.- A9.1.3 Accidental Absences.- A9.1.4 Enhanced Averages.- A9.1.5 Special Distributions.- A10 Enantiomorph Selection.- A11 Analytical Geometry of Direction Cosines.- A11.1 Direction Cosines of a Line.- A11.2 Angle between Two Lines.- A12 The Stereographic Projection of a Circle Is a Circle.- A13 Setting a Crystal for Precession Photography.- A13.1 Setting a Crystal Axis Parallel to the X-ray Beam.- A13.2 Setting a Reciprocal Lattice Row Horizontally.- A13.3 Screen Setting.- A14 Synchrotron Radiation.- Solutions.