1. Anatomy of the spine 2. Biomechanics of the spine 3. Biomechanical models to study spinal phenotypes 4. Animal models to study spinal intervertebral disc phenotypes 5. Imaging technologies of the spine 6. Intervertebral disc degeneration 7. Disc space narrowing and osteophytes 8. Displacement of intervertebral discs 9. High-intensity zones and annular tears 10. Vertebral endplate abnormalities, defects, and changes 11. Vertebral bone marrow (Modic) changes 12. Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament 13. Lumbar spinal stenosis 14. Facet joints 15. Paraspinal muscles 16. Spinal alignment
