Spasticity: Mechanisms and Management

ISBN-13: 9783642783692 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 463 str.

Alfred F. Thilmann; David J. Burke; William Z. Rymer

Opis

The book is based on an international meeting held in Essen, Germany, in November 1992 and is a comprehensive treatise that examines the pathophysiological disturbances that occur in patients with spasticity. The meeting and the subsequent book are unique in having drawn together basic scientists, clinical scientists and clinicians to consider the movement disturbance and reflex abnormalities of the spastic patient. Each chapter is authored by an international authority on that topic, and the chapters are grouped in sections with a summary of discussions on those chapters. The discussion summaries thus identify growing areas andcontentious issues, thereby amplifying the content of the individual chapters.

Spis treści

Spasticity: History, Definitions, and Usage of the Term.- I Descending Control of Movement.- Organisation of Cortico-motoneuronal Projections from the Primary Motor Cortex: Evidence for Task-Related Function in Monkey and in Man.- Investigation of Descending Motor Pathways in Man.- Propriospinal Transmission of Voluntary Movement in Humans.- The Site of Activation of the Corticospinal System by Transcranial Magnetic and Electrical Stimulation of the Human Mortor Cortex.- Plasticity of the Human Motor Cortex.- Discussion Summary.- Discussion Summary.- II Disturbance of Voluntary Movement.- The Role of the Corticospinal Tract in Spasticity Studied by Magnetic Brain Stimulation.- Do Rapidly Conducting Ipsilateral Corticospinal Pathways Contribute to Recovery in Adult Hemiplegia?.- Strength Changes in Hemiparesis: Measurements and Mechanisms.- Factors Underlying Abnormal Posture and Movement in Spastic Hemiparesis.- Disturbances of Voluntary Arm Movement in Human Spasticity: The Relative Importance of Paresis and Muscle Hypertonia.- Spastic Movement Disorder: Similarities and Differences in Children and Adults.- Hyper-reflexia and Disordered Voluntary Movement.- Discussion Summary.- Discussion Summary.- III Spinal Pathophysiology: Animal Models.- Regulated Properties of Motoneurons and Primary Afferents: New Aspects on Possible Spinal Mechanisms Underlying Spasticity.- Functional Properties of the Neuromuscular System and Force Gradation.- Development of an Animal Model for the Study of Spinal Spasticity.- Monoaminergic Inhibitory Control of Spinal Interneurons.- Discussion Summary.- IV Reflex Disturbances in Spasticity: Movement Studies.- Pathological Changes in Spastic Muscle Reflexes Evoked by Passive Stretch or Tendon Taps.- Spastic Paresis: Reflex Activity and Muscle Tone in Elbow Muscles During Passive and Active Motor Tasks.- Discussion Summary.- V Reflex Disturbances in Spasticity: Electrophysiological Studies.- Methodological Problems in the Hoffmann Reflex Study of Spasticity.- Signs of the Upper Motoneuron Syndrome in Relation to Soleus Hoffmann Reflex Tests.- Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Spasticity at the Spinal Cord Level.- Dynamics of Reflex Excitability Following Intrathecal Baclofen Administration in Patients with Severe Spastic Syndromes.- Task-Dependent Spinal Inhibition in Spastic Hemiplegia.- Late Flexion Reflex in Paraplegic Patients: Evidence for a Spinal Stepping Generator.- Kinematics of the Cat Hindlimb After Spinal Cord Hemisection.- Discussion Summary.- Discussion Summary.- VI Treatment and Rehabilitation.- Spasticity of the Lower Urinary Tract: Therapeutic Strategies.- New Developments in the Medical Treatment of Spasticity.- Muscle Relaxant Action of Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists.- Effect of Intrathecal Baclofen on Monosynaptic Reflex in Man.- Comparison of Cyproheptadine, Clonidine and Baclofen on the Modulation of Gait Pattern in Subjects with Spinal Cord Injury.- Neurophysiological Mechanisms of Spasticity Modification by Physiotherapy.- Is Rehabilitation Effective in Spastic Syndromes?.- Discussion Summary.