Spacecraft Navigation and Guidance

ISBN-13: 9781447115854 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 181 str.

Maxwell Noton

Opis

The analysis and computational techniques associated with the navigation and guidance of spacecraft are now in a mature state of development. However the documentation has remained dispersed throughout conference papers, journals, company and contract rep orts, making it difficult to get a true, comprehensive picture of the subject. This text brings together the body of literature with suitable attention to the necessary underlying mathematics and computational techniques. It covers in detail the necessary orbital mechanics, orbit determination with emphasis on the SRIF algorithm, gr avity assist manoeuvres and guidance, both ground-based and autonomous. Attention is paid to all phases of a space mission including launch and re-entry, and whether culminating in an earth satellite or a deep space mission to planets or primitive bodies. Software associated with the text is available free to the reader by means of the Internet server of the publisher. 'Spacecraft Navigation and Guidance' is an invaluable aid for all those working within astronautics, aeronautics, and control engineering in general.

Spis treści

1. Orbital Mechanics.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 The Two-Body Problem.- 1.3 Orbital Elements and Reference Axes.- 1.3.1 Position and Velocity from the Orbital Elements.- 1.3.2 Orbital Elements from the Position and Velocity.- 1.3.3 Numerical Examples.- 1.4 Time in Orbit.- 1.4.1 Solution for Ellipse.- 1.4.2 Solution for Hyperbola.- 1.4.3 Computations starting from Time in Orbit.- 1.5 Lambert’s Time of Flight Theorem.- 1.6 Orbital Manoeuvres.- 1.6.1 Coplanar Transfer Manoeuvres.- 1.6.2 Injection into an Interplanetary Orbit.- 1.6.3 Plane Change to inject into a Geostationary Orbit.- 1.7 Patched Conies.- 1.7.1 Spheres of Influence.- 1.7.2 Time in Julian Days.- 1.7.3 A Solar Polar Mission.- 1.8 Numerical Integration of Orbits.- 1.8.1 Cowell’s Method.- 1.8.2 Encke’s Method.- 1.9 Software.- 2. The Launch Phase.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Propulsion.- 2.2.1 Basics.- 2.2.2 Staging.- 2.3 Launch Systems.- 2.4 Trajectory Dynamics.- 2.4.1 Equations of Motion.- 2.4.2 Gravitational Forces.- 2.4.3 Rocket Thrust.- 2.4.4 Aerodynamic Forces.- 2.4.5 Final Orbital Elements.- 2.5 Computation of the Nominal Ascent Trajectory.- 2.6 A Computed Example: Ariane 4.- 2.7 Optimization of the Ascent.- 2.7.1 Solution for the Flat Earth.- 2.7.2 Improvement of the Nominal Trajectory.- 2.8 In-flight Guidance.- 2.9 The Guidance and Navigation System.- 2.10 Software.- 3. Earth Satellites: Perturbations and Manoeuvres.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Variation of the Orbital Elements.- 3.2.1 Rates of Change of the Elements.- 3.2.2 Use of Radial and Transverse Components.- 3.2.3 Use of Tangential and Normal Components.- 3.2.4 Summary of Equations in Radial-Transverse Axes.- 3.2.5 Summary of Equations in Tangential-Normal Axes.- 3.2.6 Equations Applicable at Zero Eccentricity.- 3.2.7 The Singularity at Zero Inclination.- 3.3 Gravitational Field of the Earth.- 3.3.1 Expansion of Spherical Harmonics.- 3.3.2 Evaluation for an Oblate Earth.- 3.3.3 Analytical Results for an Oblate Earth.- 3.4 Perturbations from the Sun and the Moon.- 3.5 Effect of Atmospheric Drag.- 3.6 Illustrative Computations of Perturbations.- 3.7 Correcting Low Earth Orbits.- 3.8 Geostationary Orbits.- 3.8.1 Introduction.- 3.8.2 North-South Perturbations due to the Moon and Sun.- 3.8.3 East-West Perturbations due to Triaxial Effects.- 3.8.4 East-West Perturbations due to Solar Pressure.- 3.9 Rendezvous Guidance.- 3.9.1 Introduction.- 3.9.2 Guidance Strategy.- 3.9.3 Examples by Simulation.- 3.9.4 Other references to Rendezvous and Docking.- 3.10 Software.- 4. Orbit Determination.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 First Estimates of Orbits.- 4.2.1 Transformation to Observables.- 4.2.2 Planetary Orbits.- 4.2.3 Computer Examples of Planetary Orbits.- 4.2.4 Spacecraft Orbits.- 4.2.5 Computer Example of Earth Satellite.- 4.3 Refinement of Orbits.- 4.3.1 Batch Least-Squares Fitting.- 4.3.2 Generation of Partial Derivatives.- 4.3.3 The Square Root Information Filter.- 4.3.4 Bias Terms and the Consider Matrix.- 4.4 Sequential Estimation.- 4.4.1 Non-constant Parameters.- 4.4.2 Time Update with Sequential SRIF.- 4.4.3 Measurement Update with sequential SRIF.- 4.4.4 Sequential Estimation with Covariance Filters.- 4.4.5 SRIF Example with an Earth Satellite Orbit.- 4.4.6 SRIF Example for a Spacecraft Approaching a Comet.- 4.5 Software.- 5. Midcourse and Gravity Assist Manoeuvres.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Midcourse Manoeuvres.- 5.2.1 Nominal Trajectory to Jupiter.- 5.2.2 Errors at Heliocentric Injection Ill.- 5.2.3 Fixed Time Guidance.- 5.2.4 Variable Time Guidance.- 5.2.5 Parametric Results.- 5.3 Gravity Assist Manoeuvres.- 5.3.1 Introduction.- 5.3.2 Gravity Assist in Two Dimensions.- 5.3.3 Gravity Assist in Three Dimensions.- 5.3.4 An Example: Comet Nucleus Sample Return.- 5.4 Software.- 6. Low Thrust Missions.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Electric Propulsion.- 6.3 Optimization of Low Thrust Trajectories.- 6.3.1 Optimization in Two Dimensions.- 6.3.2 Parameterized Optimization in Three Dimensions.- 6.3.3 Numerical Example.- 6.3.4 Controllability.- 6.4 Guidance on Low Thrust Trajectories.- 6.4.1 Introduction.- 6.4.2 Analysis.- 6.4.3 The Linear Quadratic Control Problem.- 6.4.4 Numerical Example of Feedback Guidance.- 6.5 Software.- 7. Atmospheric Entry.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Flight Equations.- 7.2.1 Equations of Motion.- 7.2.2 Aerodynamic Lift and Drag.- 7.2.3 Heating.- 7.3 Entry Corridors.- 7.3.1 Parameters.- 7.3.2 Condition for Level Flight.- 7.3.3 The Limit of Total Acceleration.- 7.3.4 The Limit of Rate of Heating.- 7.4 Ballistic Entry with No Lift.- 7.5 Guided Entry using Lift.- 7.5.1 Lift and the Guidance System.- 7.5.2 The Nominal Trajectory.- 7.5.3 Feedback Guidance in the Upper Atmosphere.- 7.5.4 Feedback Guidance in the Lower Atmosphere.- 7.6 Software.- A. Appendices.- A.1 Perturbations from the Sun and Moon in Geostationary Orbit.- A.2 Perturbations due to Solar Pressure in Geostationary Orbit.- A.3 Angular Information from Doppler Tracking.- A.4 Ephemeris of the Sun.- A.5 Sequential UD Covariance Filter.- A.6 Global Positioning System.