Spacecraft Attitude Determination and Control

ISBN-13: 9789027712042 / Angielski / Miękka / 1980 / 880 str.

Opis

A comprehensive presentation of data, theory and practice in attitude analysis. It features discussions of common data anomalies, data validation, attitude hardware and associated mathematical models, and a presentation of geometrical procedures for mission analysis and attitude accuracy studies which can eliminate many complex simulations.

Spis treści

I—Background.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1 Representative Mission Profile.- 1.2 Representative Examples of Attitude Determination and Control.- 1.3 Methods of Attitude Determination and Control.- 1.4 Time Measurements.- 2. Attitude Geometry.- 2.1 The Spacecraft-Centered Celestial Sphere.- 2.2 Coordinate Systems.- 2.3 Elementary Spherical Geometry.- 3. Summary of Orbit Properties and Terminology.- 3.1 Keplerian Orbits.- 3.2 Planetary and Lunar Orbits.- 3.3 Spacecraft Orbits.- 3.4 Orbit Perturbations.- 3.5 Viewing and Lighting Conditions.- 4. Modeling the Earth.- 4.1 Appearance of the Earth at Visual Wavelengths.- 4.2 Appearance of the Earth at Infrared Wavelengths.- 4.3 Earth Oblateness Modeling.- 4.4 Modeling the Structure of the Upper Atmosphere.- 5. Modeling the Space Environment.- 5.1 The Earth’s Magnetic Field.- 5.2 The Earth’s Gravitational Field.- 5.3 Solar Radiation and the Solar Wind.- 5.4 Modeling the Position of the Spacecraft.- 5.5 Modeling the Positions of the Sun, Moon, and Planets.- 5.6 Modeling Stellar Positions and Characteristics.- II—Attitude Hardware and Data Acquisition.- 6. Attitude Hardware.- 6.1 Sun Sensors.- 6.2 Horizon Sensors.- 6.3 Magnetometers.- 6.4 Star Sensors.- 6.5 Gyroscopes.- 6.6 Momentum and Reaction Wheels.- 6.7 Magnetic Coils.- 6.8 Gas Jets.- 6.9 Onboard Computers.- 7. Mathematical Models of Attitude Hardware.- 7.1 Sun Sensor Models.- 7.2 Horizon Sensor Models.- 7.3 Sun Sensor / Horizon Sensor Rotation Angle Models.- 7.4 Modeling Sensor Electronics.- 7.5 Magnetometer Models.- 7.6 Star Sensor Models.- 7.7 Star Identification Techniques.- 7.8 Gyroscope Models.- 7.9 Reaction Wheel Models.- 7.10 Modeling Gas Jet Control Systems.- 8. Data Transmission and Preprocessing.- 8.1 Data Transmission.- 8.2 Spacecraft Telemetry.- 8.3 Time Tagging.- 8.4 Telemetry Processors.- 9. Data Validation and Adjustment.- 9.1 Validation of Discrete Telemetry Data.- 9.2 Data Validation and Smoothing.- 9.3 Scalar Checking.- 9.4 Data Selection Requiring Attitude Information.- III—Attitude Determination.- 10. Geometrical Basis of Attitude Determination.- 10.1 Single-Axis Attitude.- 10.2 Arc-Length Measurements.- 10.3 Rotation Angle Measurements.- 10.4 Correlation Angles.- 10.5 Compound Measurements—Sun to Earth Horizon Crossing Rotation Angle.- 10.6 Three-Axis Attitude.- 11. Single-Axis Attitude Determination Methods.- 11.1 Methods for Spinning Spacecraft.- 11.2 Solution Averaging.- 11.3 Single-Axis Attitude Determination Accuracy.- 11.4 Geometrical Limitations on Single-Axis Attitude Accuracy.- 11.5 Attitude Uncertainty Due to Systematic Errors.- 12. Three-Axis Attitude Determination Methods.- 12.1 Parameterization of the A ttitude.- 12.2 Three-Axis Attitude Determination.- 12.3 Covariance Analysis.- 13. State Estimation Attitude Determination Methods.- 13.1 Deterministic Versus State Estimation Attitude Methods.- 13.2 State Vectors.- 13.3 Observation Models.- 13.4 Introduction to Estimation Theory.- 13.5 Recursive Least-Squares Estimators and Kaiman Filters.- 14. Evaluation and Use of State Estimators.- 14.1 Prelaunch Evaluation of State Estimators.- 14.2 Operational Bias Determination.- 14.3 Limitations on State Vector Observability.- IV—Attitude Dynamics and Control.- 15. Introduction to Attitude Dynamics and Control.- 15.1 Torque-Free Motion.- 15.2 Response to Torques.- 15.3 Introduction to Attitude Control.- 16. Attitude Dynamics.- 16.1 Equations of Motion.- 16.2 Motion of a Rigid Spacecraft.- 16.3 Spacecraft Nutation.- 16.4 Flexible Spacecraft Dynamics.- 17. Attitude Prediction.- 17.1 Attitude Propagation.- 17.2 Environmental Torques.- 17.3 Modeling Internal Torques.- 17.4 Modeling Torques Due to Orbit Maneuvers.- 18. Attitude Stabilization.- 18.1 A utomatic Feedback Control.- 18.2 Momentum and Reaction Wheels.- 18.3 Autonomous Attitude Stabilization Systems.- 18.4 Nutation and Libration Damping.- 19. Attitude Maneuver Control.- 19.1 Spin Axis Magnetic Coil Maneuvers.- 19.2 Spin Plane Magnetic Coil Maneuvers.- 19.3 Gas Jet Maneuvers.- 19.4 Inertial Guidance Maneuvers.- 19.5 Attitude Acquisition.- V—Mission Support.- 20. Software System Development.- 20.1 Safeguards Appropriate for Mission Support Software.- 20.2 Use of Graphic Support Systems.- 20.3 Utility Subroutines.- 21. Software System Structure.- 21.1 General Structure for A ttitude Software Systems.- 21.2 Communications Technology Satellite Attitude Support System.- 21.3 Star Sensor Attitude Determination System.- 21.4 Attitude Data Simulators.- 22. Discussion.- VI—Appendices.- Appendix A—Spherical Geometry.- Appendix B—Construction of Global Geometry Plots.- Appendix C—Matrix and Vector Algebra.- Appendix D—Quaternions.- Appendix E—Coordinate Transformations.- Appendix F—The Laplace Transform.- Appendix G—Spherical Harmonics.- Appendix H—Magnetic Field Models.- Appendix I—Spacecraft Attitude Determination and Control Systems.- Appendix J—Time Measurement Systems.- Appendix K—Metric Conversion Factors.- Appendix L—Solar System Constants.- Appendix M—Fundamental Physical Constants.