Space Clinical Medicine: A Prospective Look at Medical Problems from Hazards of Space Operations

ISBN-13: 9789027701107 / Angielski / Twarda / 1968 / 276 str.

D. E. Busby

Opis

Many real and potential hazards will face astronauts* during operations in space. Some of these hazards might be of little medical significance; others might produce serious medical problems. This book is an initial attempt to describe the characteristics and suggest the management of possible medical problems which might arise from hazards of space operations. Attention is not given here to the so-called 'naturally occurring' diseases. Writing is oriented to future interplanetary missions during which, due primarily to the time required to return to earth, the diagnosis and definitive or interim treatment of medical problems will have to be carried out in space. It is therefore assumed that suitable diagnostic and treatment facilities and medically trained personnel will be available on advanced spacecraft, in which large, multidisciplined crews will be living in a comfortable, 'shirt-sleeves' environment. To lay the groundwork of Space Clinical Medicine, a field in which very little has been written and essentially no experience gained to date, it was found necessary to consider clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of possible medical problems in space. Wherever necessary, various hazards of space operations are defined and analysed in order to determine their possible medical effects. The patho physiologic characteristics of medical problems are discussed, frequently in detail, to provide the rationale for their prevention and treatment."

Spis treści

1. Acute Hypoxia.- A. Clinical Events in Acute Hypoxia.- B. Resuscitation.- C. The ‘Oxygen Paradox’.- D. Posthypoxic Cerebral Edema.- 1. Pathophysiology.- 2. Clinical Manifestations.- 3. Diagnosis.- 4. Treatment.- E. Delayed Posthypoxic Encephalopathy.- 2. Ebullism Syndrome.- A. Pathophysiology.- B. Clinical Manifestations.- C. Diagnosis.- D. Treatment.- 3. ‘Explosive’ Decompression Injuries.- A. Internally Inflicted Injuries.- 1. Pathophysiology.- 2. Clinical Manifestations.- 3. Diagnosis.- 4. Treatment.- B. Externally Inflicted Injuries.- 4. Decompression Sickness.- A. Pathophysiology.- B. Clinical Manifestations.- 1. ‘Bends’.- 2. ‘Chokes’.- 3. Skin Manifestations.- 4. Neurocirculatory Manifestations.- C. Diagnosis.- D. Prevention.- E. Treatment.- 5. Aerotitis Media and Aerosinusitis.- A. Aerotitis Media.- 1. Pathophysiology.- 2. Clinical Manifestations.- 3. Diagnosis.- 4. Prevention.- 5. Treatment.- B. Aerosinusitis.- 6. Heat Disorders, Including Dehydration.- A. Classification.- B. Clinical Manifestations.- 1. Heat Syncope.- 2. Heat Edema.- 3. Water-Depletion Heat Exhaustion.- 4. Salt-Depletion Heat Exhaustion.- 5. Heat Cramps.- 6. Prickly Heat.- 7. Anhidrotic Heat Exhaustion.- 8. Heatstroke.- 9. Heat Hyperpyrexia.- 10. Acute Heat Fatigue.- C. Diagnosis.- D. Prevention.- E. Treatment.- 7. Cold Injury and Hypothermia.- A. Cold Injury.- 1. Pathophysiology.- 2. Clinical Manifestations.- 3. Diagnosis.- 4. Prevention.- 5. Treatment.- B. Hypothermia.- 1. Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations.- 2. Diagnosis.- 3. Prevention.- 4. Treatment.- 8. Medical Problems due to Particle and Droplet Contamination of the Spacecraft-Cabin Atmosphere.- A. Introduction.- 1. Sources.- 2. Preventive, Control and Protective Measures.- 3. Predicted Medical Problems.- B. Eye Problems.- 1. Foreign Bodies.- 2. Chemicals.- C. Respiratory Tract Problems.- 1. Predictions.- 2. Acute Chemical Inflammation of the Upper Respiratory Tract.- 3. Intranasal Foreign Body.- 4. Aspirated Foreign Body.- 5. Acute Chemical Inflammation of the Lower Respiratory Tract.- 9. Urinary Calculus.- A. Weightlessness and Bone Metabolism.- B. Urinary Calculus Formation.- 1. Components of a Urinary Calculus.- 2. Basic Mechanisms of Urinary Calculus Formation.- 3. Factors influencing Urinary Calculus Formation.- C. Clinical Manifestations.- D. Diagnosis.- E. Prevention.- F. Treatment.- 10. Medical Implications of Cardiovascular Adaptations to Weightlessness.- A. Cardiovascular Adaptations.- B. Medical Implications.- C. Protective Measures.- 11. Acute Radiation Effects.- A. Space Radiation Hazards.- 1. Trapped (Van Allen) Radiation.- 2. Artificial Radiation Belts.- 3. Galactic Cosmic Radiation.- 4. Radiation Sources on Spacecraft.- 5. Solar Electromagnetic Radiation.- 6. Solar Particulate Radiation.- a. Solar ‘Wind’.- b. Solar Flares.- B. Acute Ionizing Radiation Effects.- 1. Clinical Picture following a Highly Penetrating Exposure in the LD50 Range.- a. Initial, or Prodromal Phase.- b. Latent Phase.- c. Bone-Marrow Depression Phase.- d. Recovery Phase.- 2. Skin Manifestations.- C. Diagnosis.- D. Prevention.- E. Treatment.- 12. Injuries from Meteoroid Penetration.- A. Meteoroid Hazard.- B. Injuries from Meteoroid Penetration of a Spacecraft-Cabin Wall.- 1. Light (Flash) Injury.- 2. Burns.- 3. Blast Injuries.- 4. Penetrating Injuries.- C. Meteoroid Penetration of the Space Suit.- 13. Burns.- A. Thermal Burns.- 1. Characteristics.- 2. Diagnosis.- 3. Treatment.- a. Minor Burns.- b. Major Burns.- c. Respiratory Tract Damage.- d. Burns of the Hand.- B. Electrical Burns.- 1. Characteristics.- 2. Treatment.- C. Chemical Burns.- 1. Characteristics.- 2. Treatment.- 14. Injuries from Mechanical Forces.- A. Causes.- B. Prevention.- C. Diagnosis.- D. Treatment.- 1. Closed Wounds.- 2. Open Wounds.- 15. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Toxicity.- A. Acute CO2 Toxicity.- 1. Pathophysiology.- 2. Clinical Manifestations.- 3. Diagnosis.- 4. Prevention.- 5. Treatment.- B. Chronic CO2 Toxicity.- 1. Pathophysiology.- 2. Clinical Manifestations.- 3. Diagnosis.- 4. Prevention.- 5. Treatment.- 16. General Aspects of Medical Management.- A. Diagnostic Techniques and Therapeutic Measures.- B. Medical Competence.