Solar Thermal Energy Systems: Fundamentals, Technology, Applications

ISBN-13: 9783031431722 / Angielski

Robert Stieglitz; Werner Platzer

Spis treści

1 Introduction 

1.1 Worldwide development of energy demand, energy carriers

1.2 Impact of greenhouse gas emissions- Ecological footprint of energy production

1.3 Energy forms carriers and conversion options, exergy-anergy  definition

1.4 Energy demands & economic considerations

1.5 Sector coupling option (Exergie- Heat- Power to heat (P2H) -Heat to power (H2P)

1.6 Renewable energy development in Europe and worldwide (perspective, options and business cases)

PART I SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION AND STORAGE 

2 The sun 

2.1 Introduction to the Sun

2.2 The Sun as Energy Source

2.2.1 Composition of the sun

2.2.2 Fusion reaction in the sun

2.3 Extraterrestral Solar Radiation 

2.3.1 View angle of the sun, luminous distribution over solar disc

2.3.2 Solar constant, global irradiation, direct and diffuse irradiation

2.3.3 Spectrum of extraterrestric irradiation

2.3.4 atmospheric irradiation attenuation 

2.3.5 Local and temporal variation of solar irradiation

2.3.6 Direct irradiation on horizontal or inclined surfaces

2.3.7 Daily, monthly and yearly sums of extraterrestrial irradiation on arbitrarily inclined surfaces

2.3.8 Irradiation direction on tracked surfaces

2.4 Terrestrial Solar Radiation, Radiation Balance of the Earth

2.4.1 Global, direct and diffuse irradiation

2.4.2 Attenuation mechanisms in the atmosphere

2.4.3 Technical calculation of attenuation in the atmosphere

2.4.4 Directionality of diffuse irradiation

2.4.5 Typical data for global irradiation

2.4.6 Irradiation with cloud cover – statistical methods

2.4.7 Calculation of irradiation on arbitrarily inclined surfaces

2.5 Quantitative Measurement of Solar Radiation

2.5.1 Terrestrial measurements

2.5.2 Satellite data evaluation

2.5.3 Composition of representative time series of solar irradiation

3 Optical conversion 

3.1 Radiation transport in transparent media 

3.1.1 Reflection, Snellius law and total reflection

3.1.2 Polarization, Fresnel formula and Brewster angle

3.1.3 Transmission and reflection in transparent media

3.1.4 Origin of absorption and reflection in transparent media

3.1.5 Technical options to manipulate irradiation transport in transparent bodies

3.2 Concentration 

3.2.1 Collector efficiency of concentrating systems

3.2.2 Significance and limits of the concentration ratio

3.2.3 Maximum absorber temperature

3.2.4 Geometric tracking aspects

3.2.5 Non-imaging concentrators

3.2.6 Linear-imaging concentrators - parabolic troughs and parabolic dish

3.2.7 Reflector-related limits of the concentration ratio

3.2.8 Concentration-related technical fields of use

3.3 Selective Absorbers

3.3.1 Requirements for a selective absorber

3.3.2 Design of selective absorbers

3.3.3 Methods for producing thin, selective layers

3.3.4 Absorber layers for vacuum application

3.3.5 Low and medium temperature absorber layers in air/ vacuum

3.3.6 Absorber layers for high temperature applications

3.3.7 Degradation mechanisms of selective absorber layers

4 Heat transfer mechanisms 

4.1 Heat transport processes and application in solar thermal energy

4.2 Types of heat transfer

4.3 Heat conduction in fluids and solids

4.3.1 Stationary heat conduction in fluids and solids

4.3.2 Instationary heat conduction in a continuum

4.3.3 Application of heat conduction in building services engineering

4.3.4 Molecular heat conduction

4.4 Radiation heat transport

4.4.1 Emission, Absorption and Reflection

4.4.2 Kirchhoff's Law of Radiation

4.4.3 Radiation exchange between bodies

4.4.4 Radiation exchange between grey diffuse radiating infinite surfaces

4.4.5 Radiation exchange between black radiating finite large areas

4.4.6 Radiation exchange between grey radiating finite large areas

4.4.7 Radiation in the presence of the sun

5 Momentum and Energy Transport, heat transfer fluids 

5.1 Single phase convective momentum and heat transport

5.1.1 Conservation equations

5.1.2 Similarity laws in fluid mechanics

5.1.3 Laminar momentum exchange

5.1.4 Boundary  layer approximation

5.1.5 Laminar energy exchange

5.1.6 Flow and heat transfer parameters

5.1.7 Thermal boundary conditions

5.1.8 Laminar heat transfer in tubes

5.1.9 Turbulent momentum exchange

5.1.10 Turbulent energy exchange

5.1.11 Analogy of heat and momentum transport parameters

5.1.12 Models and approaches for numerical transport calculations

5.1.13 Local fluid dynamic collector calculations- engineering correlations 

5.1.14 Transitions between forced, mixed and buoyant convection

5.2 Multiphase momentum and energy exchange

5.2.1 Flow patterns in two-phase flows

5.2.2 Characteristic numbers in two-phase flows

5.2.3 Homogeneous  model of two-phase flow

5.2.4 Drift model

5.2.5 Pressure loss calculations in single and multi-phase flows

5.2.6 Flow pattern charts

5.2.7 Phase change heat transfer

5.2.8 Condensation in tubes and pipes

5.3 Practical heat transfer fluids

5.3.1 Water / Water glycol

5.3.2 Thermooils

5.3.3 Molten salts

5.3.4 Liquid metals

5.3.5 Water / steam

6 Solar Thermal Collectors

6.1 Distinction between active and passive solar thermal energy 

6.2 Collectors 

6.2.1 Collector types and typical operating temperatures

6.2.2 Passive and active collectors

6.2.3 Collector classification

6.3 Basic structure and operation of a collector

6.4 Non-concentrating collectors

6.4.1 Flat-plate collectors

6.4.2 Vacuum tube collectors

6.4.3 Other collector types

6.5 Concentrating collectors

6.5.1 Parabolic Trough collectors

6.5.2 Linear Fresnel collectors

6.5.3 Dish collectors

6.5.4 Solar towers with Heliostat fields

6.6 Efficiency of solar collectors

6.6.1 Collector balance equations 

6.6.2 Conversion of efficiency equations

6.6.3 Standardization (ISO, ASME)

6.7 Collector stagnation 

7 Thermal energy Storage 

7.1 Energy content and storage requirements

7.1.1 Storage capacity

7.1.2 Storage charging and decharging

7.2 Sensible Storage

7.2.1 Liquid storage media

7.2.2 Solid storage media

7.2.3 Sensible storage systems

7.3 Latent heat Storage

7.3.1 Principles

7.3.2 Liquid-solid phase change

7.3.3 Gas-Liquid phase change

7.3.4 Latent storage systems

7.4 Chemical storage

7.4.1 Catalytic reactions

7.4.2 Thermal dissociation reactions

7.4.3 Adsorption processes

7.4.4 Storage systems

7.5 Low temperature storage tank

7.5.1 Water tank storage types

7.5.2 Requirements for storage tanks

7.5.3 Temperature stratification within the storage tank

7.6 High temperature storage tank 

7.6.1 Indirect 2-Tank Storage

7.6.2 Direct 2-tank storage

7.6.3 Stratified storage tanks and filling materials

7.6.4 Particle storage

O autorze

Prof. Dr. rer.nat. Werner Platzer is Physicist and received his Ph.D. from the Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg in 1988. He has been working for more than 35 years for the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE in Germany, performing research and development of solar thermal energy material, components and systems, facade technology, and energy efficiency in buildings. His focus in research and teaching is on concentrating solar thermal technology for process heat and power. Until 2015, he served as Director of the Division Solar Thermal and Optics. He cofounded the Fraunhofer Centre for Solar Energy Technology in Santiago de Chile and was Executive Director there in the years 2016 and 2017. Since 2018, he coordinated the international business development of Fraunhofer ISE. He is teaching as Honorary Professor at the Faculty for Environment and Sustainability, University of Freiburg.

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Robert Stieglitz obtained a doctoral degree in Engineering in 1994 at the University of Karlsruhe. In his professional career, he spent some time in power industry and joined the research center Karlsruhe (today Karlsruhe Institute of Technology-KIT) in 1995 in leading functions in several science fields associated with heat and mass transfer, instrumentation, material qualification, and nuclear as well as accelerator technologies. In 2009, he was appointed as Director of the Institute for Neutron Physics and Reactor Technology (INR), and he simultaneously holds a chair at the university campus as Professor in Applied Thermo-Fluidics. Since 2009, he is Director of the CEA KIT Frederic Joliot-Otto Hahn School and served too many associations as Advisor and Expert such as German Nuclear Reactor Safety Commission, the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, and others. His scientific record is characterized by more than 240 scientific articles/conference papers and 2 books and some book contributions in several science fields.

Blurb

This textbook is intended for master's level engineering students in the field of their studies. It begins with an analysis of the growing world population's energy demand (heat and electricity) and its connection to the undeniable climate change, necessitating the expansion of climate-friendly technologies. The book is divided into two sections. The first section (Chapters 2 to 7) presents the physical fundamentals of solar thermal energy usage, along with the necessary processes, methods, and models. The second section (Chapters 8-12) covers the synthesis of the developed fundamentals applied to various functional solar thermal systems. It not only provides the logic and methods for transferring the physical fundamentals into an operative technical system but also includes aspects of concept development, selection, economic evaluation, and performance. Additionally, measurement and control technology are presented, underpinned by real projects that have already been successfully implemented.