Solar Power for the World: What You Wanted to Know about Photovoltaics

ISBN-13: 9789814411875 / Angielski / Twarda / 2013 / 800 str.

Wolfgang Palz

Opis

The book describes the industrial revolution associated with the implementation of electric power generation by photovoltaics (PV). The book's editor and contributing authors are among the leading pioneers in PV from its industrial birth in 1954 all the way up to the stormy developments during the first decade of the new century. The book describes the dramatic events in industry between 2009 and 2013 and puts all this into perspective. It concludes that solar power is yet to strengthen its role in technology and in mainstream of the world's economy.

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List of Contributors
Hymn to the Sun
Introduction to Solar Power for theWorld
PARTI ALIFE FOR PV: WOLFGANG PALZ’S NOTABLE ROLE IN DEVELOPMENT
FROM THE EARLY DAYS UNTIL NOW
1 The Rising Sun in a Developing World
Wolfgang Palz
1.1 Electric Power, a Pillar of Modern Society
1.1.1 Electricity in Today’s Life
1.1.2 The ConventionalWorld of Electricity
1.1.3 Solar PV: A Part of the New Semiconductor
World
1.2 Looking Back to Light the Future
1.2.1 The Emergence of Electricity
1.2.2 From the "Voltaic Pile" to the Photovoltaic Cell
1.2.3 Photovoltaic Power: The First Steps
1.3 Solar Power for Space Satellites
1.4 First Ideas about Lighting with Solar Power
1.4.1 Mutations of the Societies in the US and Europe
1.4.2 A New Awareness for Solar Power
1.4.3 The Oil-Price Shocks and the Nuclear Disaster
of 1986
1.5 After the Vision: A Mountain of Challenges
1.5.1 PV in the Starting Blocks in 1973
1.5.2 The Cost Problem: Technological Challenges
1.5.3 The Chicken and Egg Problem: Mass
Production
1.5.4 Entrenched Energy Strategies and Politics
1.5.5 Against Dominant Allocations of State Budgets
1.5.6 Administrations
1.5.7 Energy Pay-Back Time and Module Lifetime
1.5.8 Intermittency of Supply
1.5.9 Environmental Challenges
1.6 Leadership
1.6.1 The Pioneering Role of the US
1.6.2 France: A European Solar Pioneer
1.6.3 PV Start-Up in Germany
1.6.4 PV Ups and Downs in Japan
1.6.5 UNESCO
1.6.6 The European Union
1.6.7 The G8
1.6.8 The Energy Empire Fights Back
2 Solar Power for the World
Wolfgang Palz
2.1 Basics for a New Solar Age
2.1.1 The Ethical Imperative of Photovoltaics
2.1.2 Cost and Social Acceptance: Ingredients for a
Viable Energy Strategy
2.1.3 PV as Part of a Holistic Approach towards
Renewable Energy Implementation and Energy
Conservation
2.1.4 What about the Power Plants on the Road?
2.1.4.1 Car drivers and their power plants
2.1.4.2 Mobilising PV for transport
2.2 Driving Forces
2.2.1 Aspirations of the People
2.2.2 Preserving Nature and Alleviating Climate
Change
2.2.3 Peak Oil
2.2.4 Energy Security of Supply
2.3 The Role of Stakeholders in Society
2.3.1 Governments and Administrations
2.3.2 Industry and Finance
2.3.3 PV Costs and Benefits for Society: A Special
Role for the Grid Operators
2.4 A New Energy Paradigm
2.4.1 Centralised or Decentralised PV
2.4.2 What Role Can Conventional Power Utilities
Play?
2.4.3 Communities and Regions Mastering Their
Own Energy Supply
2.4.4 The Autonomous Energy House: Solar
Architecture and the Building Industry
2.5 Power for the People
2.5.1 Starting a Global Strategy: 10Watts per Head
2.5.2 PV for the People in the IndustrialisedWorld
2.5.3 PV for the People in the Solar Belt
2.6 Power for the Poor
2.6.1 Getting Involved
2.6.2 PV Power for the Poor in the Developing
Countries
2.6.3 Power for the Poor in the Industrialised
Countries
2.7 Power for Peace
3 PV Today and Forever
Wolfgang Palz
3.1 Solar Power 2009–10: AWealth of Achievements
3.1.1 The Global PV Markets 2009–10
3.1.2 Political, Financial, and Industrial Environment
3.1.3 The Technology Boom Goes On
3.2 Outlook
3.2.1 On the Threshold of Commercial Viability
3.2.2 Outlook towards 2020
3.2.3 PV as Part of a 100 Percent Renewable Energy
World
3.3 Conclusions
PART II THE BEGINNING OF PV IN THE UNITED STATES
4 EarlyWork on Photovoltaic Devices at the Bell Telephone
Laboratories
Morton B. Prince
5 Terrestrial Photovoltaic Industry: The Beginning
Peter F. Varadi
6 Bringing the Oil Industry into the Picture
Karl Wolfgang B¨oer
7 The Story of SunPower
Richard M. Swanson
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Beginnings of Terrestrial PV
7.3 My Early Years
7.4 Formation of SunPower
7.5 Concentrators
7.6 Race Cars
7.7 Optical Detectors
7.8 The PV Business Takes Off
7.9 Airplanes
7.10 Project Mercury
7.11 A New Plan
7.12 Cypress
7.13 Goodbye Concentrators
7.14 Becoming a Manufacturer
7.15 Polarization
7.16 IPO
7.17 PowerLight
7.18 Epilog
8 History of Technologies, Development for Solar Silicon Cost
Reduction
Frederick Schmid
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Development of HEM and FAST for Reducing the
Cost of SiliconWafers
8.3 FAST Development
8.4 Development of Technology for Reducing Silicon
Meltstock
8.5 Summary
9 Solar Cell Development Work at COMSAT Laboratories
(1967–1975)
Denis J. Curtin
10 The IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference
Americo F. (Moe) Forestieri
10.1 Brief History of the US IEEE PVSC and the William
R. Cherry Committee
10.2 8th PVSC: The 1970 PVSC in Seattle,Washington,
by Joseph Loferski
10.3 12th PVSC: 1976 Baton Rouge, Louisiana,
by Americo Forestieri
PART III PV STARTING A SOLAR AGE IN EUROPE
11 Initiating a Solar Revolution in Germany
Hermann Scheer
12 My Solar Age Started with Tchernobyl
Franz Alt
12.1 Solar Policy Is Social Policy
13 Will This Work? Is It Realistic? Thoughts and Acts of a
Political Practitioner with a Solar Vision
Hans-Josef Fell
13.1 MyWay of Solar Thinking
13.2 Being Called a Solar Do-Gooder and Unrealistic
Politician
13.3 Some Important Steps of My Life Illustrate the
Persistence of My SolarWay
13.4 And How Is It Today?
14 The Role of Research Institutes for the Promotion of PV:
The Case of Fraunhofer ISE (Institute of Solar Energy
Systems)
Adolf Goetzberger
15 PV in Berlin—How it All Began: The Story of Solon, Q-Cells.
PV in Brazil
Stefan Krauter
16 The Kick-Off PV Programme in Germany: The One
Thousand PV Roofs Programme
Walter Sandtner
17 The Story of Developing Solar Glass Fac¸ades
Joachim Benemann
18 PV in Europe, from 1974 to 2009: A Personal Experience
Helmut Kiess
18.1 Insight Period: 1974–1988
18.2 Innovation Period during the Decade 1988–1998
18.2.1 State of the Art in 1988: Some Details
18.2.2 The Decade between 1988 and 1998
18.2.3 State of the Art in 1998: Some Details
18.3 Innovation and Industrial Production during the
Decade between 1998 and 2008
18.3.1 State of the Art in 2008: Some Details
18.4 Epilogue
19 France Did NotWant to Look for the Sun
Alain Li´ebard and Yves-Bruno Civel
20 More Electricity for Less CO2
Yves Bamberger
20.1 Electric Eco-Efficient End-Uses
20.2 Achieving an Ever Lower-Carbon Electricity Mix
with Nuclear and Renewables
20.3 Networks: A Tool for Pooling Production and
Integrating Renewable Energies
20.4 Carbon-Free Electric Mix as an Opportunity to
Develop New Industrial Facilities
21 The History of Renewable Energies in the Canary Islands,
Especially in Tenerife
Ricardo Melchior and Manuel Cendagorta
22 WhyWas Switzerland Front-Runner for PV in the 90s but
Lost the Leadership after 2000?
Thomas Nordmann
23 Solar Power in Geneva, Switzerland
Philippe Verburgh
23.1 A First-Class Solar Potential
23.2 The "5 MW Solar" Project and the "SIG Vitale
Range"
23.3 A Sunny Future for Geneva
24 The PV World Conference in Vienna
Wolfgang Hein
25 Abandoning Nuclear in Favor of Renewable Energies: The
Life Story of Giuliano Grassi—Florence, Italy
Giuliano Grassi
25.1 First Period: Beginning of My Professional Activity
as Engineer
25.2 Second Period: Transition from Electro-Mechanical
to Nuclear Activity
25.3 Third Period: Renewable Energies
25.4 Concluding Remarks
PART IV PV IN ASIA: A DRAGON ISWAKING UP
26 PV in Japan: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow 417
Osamui Ikki and Izumi Kaizuka
26.1 History
26.2 Current Status of PV in Japan
26.3 New Support Framework for PV
26.4 Conclusion
27 Leaders of the Early Days of the Chinese Solar Industry
Qin Haiyan
27.1 Turning a Dream into a Reality: The Story of
Huang Ming
27.2 The Richest Man in China: The Story of Shi
Zhengrong
27.3 Internationalization and a Traditional Chinese Soul:
The Story of Miao Liansheng
27.4 Development Led by Technology: The Story of
Gao Jifan
28 Review of China’s Solar PV Industry in 2009
Gao Hu
29 Lighting theWorld: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow
Biswajit Ghosh
29.1 Light and Energy
29.2 Path toward Initiatives on PV Research
29.3 PV in India and International Scientific
Cooperation
29.4 Lighting the Remote
29.5 Views of the Author
PARTV PVFOR A BETTER DEVELOPING WORLD
30 Photovoltaics in the World Bank Group Portfolio
Anil Cabraal
30.1 World Bank Group Photovoltaics Projects
30.2 Business Models for Off-Grid Service
30.3 Key Lessons of Experience
30.4 Guidelines for Designing Sustainable Off-Grid
Projects
30.5 Future Support for Photovoltaics
31 Illiterate Rural Grandmothers Solar-Electrifying Their Own
Villages
Bunker Roy
31.1 Ground-Breaking Innovation in the Field of
Technology
31.2 Sustainable Development: Now and in the Future
31.3 Innovation and Its Practical Application
31.4 Demystifying of 21st Century Technology in
19th Century Conditions—Management, Control
and Ownership in the Hands of the Rural Poor
around theWorld
31.5 Present and Future Impact of Innovation: Number
of People Affected
31.5.1 Renewable Energy
31.5.2 Continent of Africa
31.5.3 Global
31.5.3.1 Providing an answer to a major
challenge-tackling global climate
change from the community level
32 Early PV Markets and Solar Solutions in South Asia
Neville Williams
33 Photovoltaic Power Systems for Lifting Women Out of
Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa
Dominique Campana
33.1 Solar Energy against the "Energy Poverty" Trap
33.2 In Conclusion
34 Promoting PV in Developing Countries
Bernard McNelis
34.1 Looking at Solar
34.2 Into PV
34.3 Into All Things Solar
34.4 Into Intermediate Technology
34.5 Into Africa
34.6 Global Solar Pumping Programme
34.7 IT Power
34.8 Mali
34.9 Dominican Republic
34.10 China
34.11 Robert Hill
34.12 EPIA
34.13 World Bank,Washington, Corruption
34.14 Other Countries, People, Institutions
34.15 Where DoWe Go from Here?
PART VI PV FOR THEWORLD
35 On the International Call for Photovoltaics of 2008
Daniel Lincot
36 AWorld Network for Solar R&D: ISES
Monica Oliphant
37 Three Steps to a Solar System: From 1% to 40% and 100%
Harry Lehmann
37.1 Equal Treatment
37.2 A Further Step: Coming Out of the Niche
37.3 Full Solar Supply or the "Great Transformation"
37.4 Scenarios: A Look into the Present and the
Future
37.5 To Sum Up I Can Say: 100% Solar System Is
Possible!
38 SolarBank
Michael T. Eckhart
38.1 Landmark Solar PV Study in 1978
38.2 Away from PV for 15 Years
38.3 Return to Solar PV in 1995
38.4 World Bank 1996–1998
38.5 India 1996–2001
38.6 South Africa 1997–2002
38.7 Europe 1997–2004
38.8 ACORE 2001–Present
38.9 Bonn 2004, WIREC 2008, and IRENA
38.10 SolarBank Looking Forward
39 Solar Power in Practice
Stefan Behling
40 AWorld in Blue
Bernd Melchior
40.1 From Butterflies to aWorld in "Blue": How Did This
Happen?
40.2 New Treatment for Porous Materials to Conserve
Monuments Like the Dome of Cologne
40.3 Process Steps for a Treatment with the
Autoclave
40.4 Translucent Insulation Material
40.5 My Start into Photovoltaic
40.6 Changing DC Current into AC Current
40.7 Diffuse Light Concentrator
40.8 Tracking and Concentration Systems
40.9 The ADS Concept: Autonomous, Decentralized,
Sustainable
40.10 The Blue Mountain
40.11 ADS Robinson Club on Fuerteventura
40.12 First Bungalow in theWorld Realized in ADS:
"Casa Solar", Almunecar, Spain
40.13 Solar Powered Container: 3000 km Trip to 7th EU
Photovoltaic Solar Conference and Exhibition in
Seville, Spain, October 1986
40.14 A Solar Powered OrthopedicWorkshop Container
for a Hospital in Tanzania
40.15 Integration of Photovoltaic into Roofs: "Sunflate"
40.16 SUNCLAY + SUNERGY: A Two-Component
Photovoltaic System for the Harmonic, Aesthetic
and Flexible Integration into the Architecture of
Roof
40.17 Next Generation Photovoltaic
40.18 New Generation of Solar Clay Tiles
40.19 The Combination of Solar and Wind BSWT
41 Factory for Sale, or the Long and StonyWay to Cheap Solar
Energy: The Story of the Thin-Film CdTe Solar Cells; First
Solar and Others—A Semi-Autobiography
Dieter Bonnet
42 High Efficiency Photovoltaics for a SustainableWorld
Antonio Luque
42.1 Introduction
42.2 The 2008 Spanish Boom
42.3 A Market Forecast Model
42.4 The FULLSPECTRUM Project and the ISFOC
42.5 Summary
43 Nonconventional Sensitized Mesoscopic (Gr¨atzel) Solar
Cells
Michael Gr¨atzel
44 Solar Bicycles, Mercedes, Handcuffs—PlusEnergy Buildings
Gallus Cadonau
44.1 AWorldwide Unique Solar Decision: Tour de Sol
44.1.1 CO2-free Hotel Ucliva in the Swiss Alps:
1st Solarcar Race of theWorld
44.1.2 Tour de Sol 1985: Solar Bicycles and
Mercedes Benz
44.1.3 First Solarcar Driving Past an Atomic
Power Plant
44.1.4 Geneva—Final Stage of the 1st Tour de Sol
1985: The Power of the Sun
44.1.5 Tour de Sol 2 in 1986: Massachusetts
Institute of Technology in the Roadside
Ditch
44.1.6 Welding and Sweating Instead of
Champagne
44.1.7 Strong Solar Teams from Germany and the
Swiss School of Engineering Biel
44.1.8 Solar Cells for "Independency" or
Terrestrial PV Utilisation?
44.1.9 Tour 3 in 1987: Huge Interest and
"Chermobiles"
44.1.10 Huge International Media Coverage
44.1.11 Tour Organisation and Its Regulations
44.1.12 Tour de Sol Protests and Appeals in Court?
44.1.13 Solar Mountain Race: Through 360 Curves
to Arosa/GR
44.2 World’s First Energy Feed-in System in
Burgdorf/BE
44.2.1 Tour de Sol in France: Solar Energy Instead
of Air Pollution
44.2.2 World’s First Energy Feed-in System in
Burgdorf/BE: "Grid Interconnection"
44.2.3 The Principles of Solar Energy Use: Best
Technology or Self-Sufficiency?
44.2.4 Tour de Sol 4 in 1988: PV Innovation and
Financing Are Getting Broader
44.2.5 PV on Land and onWater
44.2.6 Solar Energy Is Getting Increasingly
Popular Also for Groups and Managers
44.2.7 Safety, Recuperation and Road Capability in
Winter
44.2.8 Solar Power: A Friendly Alternative
44.2.9 Tour de Sol: "A Hotbed for Solar-Electric
Mobility"
44.2.10 Car Makers, What Have You Done in the
Past?
44.2.11 Tour de Sol and the International Solarcar
Federation (ISF)
44.2.12 Rail 2000 and Solarcars in Double-Deck
Coaches
44.2.13 The Ideal SOLARCAR 2000: Emission-Free
Traffic Circulation in the 21st Century
44.3 The Solar Alternative in Road Traffic:World Solar
Challenge
44.3.1 The Solar Alternative in Road Traffic
44.3.1.1 Two hundred years after the
French Revolution: The Solar
Revolution (1989)
44.3.1.2 California’s Clean Air Act,
Zero-Emission Vehicles, PV
Program for 1000 kW Roofs
44.3.1.3 First alpine crossing with
solarcars: The Sun conquers the
Gotthard Pass in 1989
44.3.1.4 Solarcar: A danger for 150 pigs?
44.3.1.5 Alpine tests at the 1st European
Championship of Alpine
Solarcars (ASEM) in 1989
44.3.1.6 Bea Vetterli’s solarcar in the
mountains: downhill with more
than 100 km/h
44.3.1.7 St. Moritz: 1st ASEM finish and
1st electric light in Switzerland
44.3.1.8 The British and St. Moritz:
Inventors of winter tourism
44.3.1.9 Clean Energy St. Moritz: The
overall energy concept
44.3.1.10 Last Tour de Sol in 1991
44.3.1.11 Solarcar world record: 148 km/h
at the ASEM 1995
44.3.2 World Solar Challenge in Australia and
the US
44.3.2.1 FirstWorld Solar Challenge in
1987: 3005 km across Australia
44.3.2.2 Japan’sWaterloo at the 1st WSC:
Detlef Schmitz Missed the Start
44.3.2.3 The SecondWorld Solar
Challenge and its dangers in the
Australian desert
44.3.2.4 The "GREATEST RACE on EARTH,
Creating a SOLUTION not
POLLUTION"
44.3.2.5 International Solar High-Tech
Competition across Australia
44.3.2.6 What technology and strategy
was responsible for the victory?
44.3.2.7 "Spirit of Biel": 1.8 dl (Solar) fuel
for 100 km—55 times more
efficient
44.3.2.8 Great suspense and an odd cup in
McLarens on the lake
44.3.2.9 Detlef Schmitz: the friendly
"Suitcase Man"
44.3.2.10 Detlef: veteran and
misadventurer at each WSC
1987, 1990, 1993, 1996, 1999
44.3.2.11 World Solar Challenge 1993:
Japan invests millions in
solarcars
44.3.2.12 Honda changes its strategy for
the WSC 1993
44.3.2.13 WSC and Sunrayce in the US and
other solar races in 1996
44.4 Solar Prize, Handcuffs and PlusEnergy Buildings
44.4.1 Swiss Solar Prize and Handcuffs
44.4.1.1 Solar utilisation: from traffic to
building sector
44.4.1.2 "Solar 91: for an energyindependent
Switzerland"
44.4.1.3 First Solar Prize 1991 for world’s
biggest solar surface per
inhabitant
44.4.1.4 Federal Councillor Adolf Ogi:
initiative, courage and solar
installations
44.4.1.5 Handcuffs, excavators and solar
electricity
44.4.1.6 Ren´e B¨ artschi: "most successful
Swiss governing councillor"
44.4.1.7 Four times too much solar energy
and a winter bathe
44.4.1.8 European Commission, US
Department of Energy and
Japanese Industry
44.4.1.9 Best integrated solar
installations: without
overbuilding cultural land
44.4.1.10 The solar mission of the Federal
Minister of Energy
44.4.2 Solar Energy on the Rise
44.4.2.1 European PV Conference in
and popular initiative for solar
energy
44.4.2.2 European Parliament: Swiss
Solar Prize—model for European
Solar Prize
44.4.2.3 Bonn-Cologne-Brussels-
Amsterdam: more solar
electricity than in Australia
44.4.2.4 Federal Chancellor Vranitzky
awards 1st European Solar Prize
in Vienna
44.4.2.5 Chancellor Vranitzky: "Central
Europe free of nuclear power
plants"
44.4.2.6 First European Solar Prize goes
to successful opponent of EDF
44.4.2.7 City/Charter: implementation of
the goals of Rio on municipality
level
44.4.2.8 Breakthrough in Parliament in
1997: one CHF billion for solar
energy
44.4.2.9 Ucliva Agreement: first European
Shell Solar factory in Switzerland
44.4.3 Mephisto & Co against Solar Energy
44.4.3.1 The wisdom of Arthur
Schopenhauer and solar energy
44.4.3.2 J.W. Goethe and "a very good
dinner"—instead of solar energy
44.4.3.3 Combat against renewable
energies
44.4.3.4 Millions for deception of citizens
44.4.3.5 Economic war against innovative
businesses
44.4.3.6 Swiss economical functionaries:
best work for the Chinese
Communist Party
44.4.3.7 Do authorities harass citizens
that are loyal to the constitution?
44.4.3.8 Solar energy instead of
unconstitutional bureaucracy
44.4.3.9 Constitutional right for solar
building permit: new law within
three months
44.4.4 Market-Based Compensation for
Renewable Energies
44.4.4.1 Market-based compensation for
billions of fossil-nuclear
subsidies
44.4.4.2 Prof. Dr. Ren´e Rhinow: best usage
of revenues for measures
44.4.4.3 European Court of Justice 2001:
grid feed-in is not tax
44.4.4.4 Democratic decision of the
electricity consumer on energy
investments
44.4.5 Best Innovative Entrepreneurs for
Sustainable Economy
44.4.5.1 Small- and medium-sized
entrepreneurs are the most
innovative
44.4.5.2 Biogas—compo-gas: 1 kg of
banana peel = 1 km of car drive
44.4.5.3 Solar house on the Federation
Square: built in 22 hours
44.4.5.4 Swiss Solar Prize for first
PlusEnergy Building
44.4.5.5 Shell’s solar factory in
Gelsenkirchen: "we want to earn
money"
44.4.5.6 Lord Norman Foster on the 15th
Swiss Solar Prize 2005
44.4.5.7 PlusEnergy Buildings for Alpine
resort: 175% Self-Supply
44.4.5.8 Energy-intensive industrial
PlusEnergy Building: 125%
self-supply
44.4.5.9 Installed PV performance: world
leader in 1992—last in 2008
44.4.5.10 Sustainable economy: amateur
becomes world champion
44.4.5.11 China could outrun all—
economically and ecologically
44.5 PEB Cover 75% ofWorld’s Energy Demand
44.5.1 From Solar Collectors to PlusEnergy
Buildings
44.5.1.1 Conclusion of Tour de Sol, WSC as
well as Swiss and European Solar
Prize
44.5.1.2 Energy efficiency: "Sine qua non"
of PlusEnergy Buildings
44.5.1.3 PlusEnergy Buildings (PEB) with
a self-supply between 100% and
200%
44.5.1.4 PV and refurbishment of a
6-family house: energy needs
reduced by 90%
44.5.1.5 PV on PlusEnergy Buildings: the
level of building technology of
2010
44.5.1.6 PV and refurbishment of a
12-family house: energy needs
reduced by 93%
44.5.1.7 Energy-intensive business
buildings as PlusEnergy
Buildings
44.5.2 PV-PEB Cover 75% ofWorld’s Energy
Consumption
44.5.3 Stanford: "Clearly, Enough Renewable
Energy Exists"
44.5.4 First European Award for PlusEnergy
Buildings of CHF(≈$) 100000
Index

O autorze

Wolfgang Palz